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In mammals and reptiles, pheromones may be detected by the vomeronasal organ ( VNO ), or Jacobson's organ, which lies between the nose and mouth and is the first stage of the accessory olfactory system.
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mammals and reptiles
They are superficially similar to reptiles but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and no longer require water bodies in which to breed.
Eventually, their bony fins would evolve into limbs and they would become the ancestors to all tetrapods, including modern amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
The amphibian brain is less well developed than that of reptiles, birds and mammals but is similar in morphology and function to that of a fish.
In feeding trials, fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals were all found to be susceptible.
The area contains fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene age.
The 100 km2 ( 39 sq mi ) area contains fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene age.
Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya.
No modern species should be described as more " primitive " than others, strictly speaking, since each has an equally long evolutionary history — but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence.
In reptiles and mammals, it is called the cerebral cortex.
There is evidence that this part of the brain is involved in spatial memory and navigation in fishes, birds, reptiles, and mammals.
Taxonomically, the phylum includes the subphyla Vertebrata, including mammals ( and thus humans ), fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds ; Tunicata, including salps and sea squirts ; and Cephalochordata, comprising the lancelets.
Wildlife diversity is very high ; there are 441 species of amphibians and reptiles, 838 species of birds, 232 species of mammals and 181 species of fresh water fish.
Costa Rica has high levels of endemism ; 81 species of amphibians and reptiles, 17 species of birds and 7 species of mammals are endemic to the country.
According to the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 209 species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and plants are endangered.
Early in the Cenozoic, following the K-Pg event, the planet was dominated by relatively small fauna, including small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
From a geological perspective, it did not take long for mammals and birds to greatly diversify in the absence of the large reptiles that had dominated during the Mesozoic.
Conversely beetles are prey of various invertebrates and vertebrates including insects, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.
There are no endemic species of plants, birds, amphibians, reptiles, mollusks, crustaceans, or mammals on Diego Garcia or in the surrounding waters.
The diet of foxes is largely made up of invertebrates and small mammals, reptiles ( such as snakes ), amphibians, scorpions, grasses, berries, fruit, fish, birds, eggs, dung beetles, insects and all other kinds of small animals.
The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods.
In other words all animals except those in the chordate subphylum Vertebrata ( fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals ) are regarded as invertebrates.
Their long legs and curved canine teeth are adapted for hunting small mammals, birds, and reptiles, and their large feet and fused leg bones give them a physique well-suited for long-distance running, capable of maintaining speeds of for extended periods of time.
The Juan Fernández Islands have a very limited fauna, with no native land mammals, reptiles, or amphibians.
The Komodo dragon's diet is wide-ranging, and includes invertebrates, other reptiles ( including smaller Komodo dragons ), birds, bird eggs, small mammals, monkeys, wild boar, goats, deer, horses, and water buffalo.
mammals and pheromones
* Calming ( appeasement ) pheromones ( mammals )
They hypothesized that the only explanation was that underarms contain pheromones, as there was no other explanation for the effects, which mirrored how pheromones affect other mammals.
The flehmen response (; ), also called the flehmen position, flehmen reaction, flehming, or flehmening ( from German flehmen ), is a particular type of curling of the upper lip in ungulates, felids, and many other mammals, which facilitates the transfer of pheromones and other scents into the vomeronasal organ, also called the Jacobson's organ.
* Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control ( or monitor in the case of pheromones ) pests, but are relatively non-toxic to mammals.
mammals and may
While they may consume small amounts of plant material, they lack the physiology required for the efficient digestion of vegetable matter and, in fact, some carnivorous mammals eat vegetation specifically as an emetic.
It is less toxic to mammals, but may be moderately toxic to some amphibian species, especially in the larval stage.
Some fears, such as fear of heights, may be common to all mammals and developed during the mesozoic period.
Extinction of animals and plants caused by human actions may go as far back as the late Pleistocene, over 12, 000 years BP, but there is no direct evidence for this theory and it is more likely abrupt climate change played a much higher role in the extinction of larger mammals.
However, because of the large, scarred and nicked dorsal fins resembling those of mammal-hunting transients, they may also eat mammals and sharks.
On oceanic islands ( where mammals are often scarce ), small birds – mainly passerine – may make up the bulk of its diet while elsewhere birds are only important food during a few weeks each summer when unexperienced fledglings abound.
While most mammals have a very similar physiology, LD < sub > 50 </ sub > results may or may not be directly relevant to humans.
It feeds mainly on bamboo, but is omnivorous and may also eat eggs, birds, insects, and small mammals.
They eat mostly bamboo, and may eat small mammals, birds, eggs, blossoms, and berries.
Two uteri usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species.
All mammals sleep, but whales cannot afford to become unconscious for long because they may drown.
Ducks ' nests are raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may be caught unaware on the nest by mammals, such as foxes, or large birds, such as hawks or eagles.
Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, involving at least two hosts, which may include invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
MicroRNAs are predicted to control the translational activity of approximately 30 % of all protein-coding genes in mammals and may be vital components in the progression or treatment of various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and the immune system response to infection.
While most strains are harmless and normally found in the intestines of mammals, this strain may produce shiga-like toxins and cause severe illness, and is a member of a class of pathogenic E. coli known as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli or EHEC.
A substance that is weakly toxic for humans or other mammals may be strongly toxic to the natural prey or predators of the venomous animal.
They are however not among the crown group reptiles, and while the early groups may have been reptile-like in biology, the later ones were decidedly not reptile-like, nor were they true mammals.
Present at a level 10 times that found in other mammals, the insulin in guinea pigs may be important in growth regulation, a role usually played by growth hormone.
The fossil exhibits many characteristics of fish, but also indicates a transitional creature that may be a predecessor of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans.
It is frequently eaten by wetland mammals such as muskrats which may also use it to construct feeding platforms and dens.
In mammals the duodenum may be the principal site for iron absorption.
Although they may be found throughout the body, CMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands in humans and other mammals.
Claws are used to catch and hold prey in carnivorous mammals such as cats and dogs, but may also be used for such purposes as digging, climbing trees, self-defense etc., in those and other species.
Historical sightings by sailors may have been the result of misunderstood encounters with these aquatic mammals.
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