for example, duration sometimes figures in both the vowel system and the intonation.

An abjad is a type of writing system where each symbol always or usually stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel.

Abjads differ from abugidas, another category invented by Daniels, in that in abjads, the vowel sound is implied by phonology, and where vowel marks exist for the system, such as nikkud for Hebrew and harakāt for Arabic, their use is optional and not the dominant ( or literate ) form.

An abugida ( from Ge ‘ ez አቡጊዳ ’ äbugida ), also called an alphasyllabary, is a segmental writing system in which consonant – vowel sequences are written as a unit: each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary.

Henry Sweet did much work on the systematic description of vowels, producing an elaborate system of vowel description involving a multitude of symbols.

Lip-rounding is also built into the system, so that front vowels ( such as e, a ) have spread or neutral lip postures, but the back vowels ( such as ) have more marked lip-rounding as vowel height increases.

The Etruscan vowel system consisted of four distinct vowels.

Witness his monographs on the vowel system in th Teutonic languages ( 1836 ), on the Celtic languages ( 1839 ), on the Old Prussian ( 1853 ) and Albanian languages ( Über das Albanesische in seinen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen, Vienna, 1854 ), on the accent in Sanskrit and Greek ( 1854 ), on the relationship of the Malayo-Polynesian with the Indo-European languages ( 1840 ), and on the Caucasian languages ( 1846 ).

* simplification of the system of vowels and diphthongs: loss of vowel length distinction, monophthongization of most diphthongs, and several steps in a chain shift of vowels towards / i / ( iotacism )

The same claim is sometimes made for Yemenite Hebrew or Temanit, which differs from other Mizrahi dialects by having a radically different vowel system, and distinguishing between different diacritically marked consonants that are pronounced identically in other dialects ( for example gimel and " ghimel ".

Due to these extra syllables, it has been hypothesized that Old Japanese's vowel system was larger than Modern Japanese's – perhaps containing up to eight vowels.

This is always CV ( consonant onset with vowel nucleus ), such as ka, ki, etc., or V ( vowel ), such as a, i, etc., with the sole exception of the C grapheme for nasal codas usually romanised as n. This structure had some scholars label the system moraic instead of syllabic, because it requires the combination of two syllabograms to represent a CVC syllable with coda ( i. e. CVn, CVm, CVng ), a CVV syllable with complex nucleus ( i. e. multiple or expressively long vowels ), or a CCV syllable with complex onset ( i. e. including a glide, CyV, CwV ).

In the 800's, it was decided that the system of matres lectionis did not suffice to indicate the vowels precisely enough, so a supplemental vowel pointing systems ( niqqud ) ( diacritic symbols indicating vowel pronunciation and other important phonological features not written by the traditional basic consonantal orthography ) joined matres lectionis as part of the Hebrew writing system.

The fact that ten vowels have been reconstructed for proto-Atlantic, proto-Ijoid and possibly proto-Volta – Congo leads Williamson ( 1989: 23 ) to the hypothesis that the original vowel inventory of Niger – Congo was a full ten-vowel system.

On the other hand, Stewart in recent comparative work reconstructs a seven vowel system for his proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu.

Kasem, a language with a ten-vowel system employing ATR vowel harmony, has seven nasalized vowels.

Allan Bomhard ( 2008 ), who relies more heavily on Afroasiatic and Dravidian than on Uralic, as do members of the " Moscow School ", reconstructs a different vowel system, with three pairs of vowels represented as:, as well as independent / i /, / o /, and / u /.

The third vowel of Arabic-type three-vowel system,, is considerably less common.

Since tone systems typically comprise fewer units than either consonant or vowel systems, we might expect that they would be the easiest part of a phonologic analysis.

The Canadian Aboriginal syllabics are also an abugida rather than a syllabary as their name would imply, since each glyph stands for a consonant which is modified by rotation to represent the following vowel.

Some phonologists model these as both being the underlying vowel, so that the English word bit would phonemically be, beet would be, and yield would be phonemically.

The rarer grave accent has the opposite effect, shortening vowel sounds that would usually be pronounced long.

Thus, the word " haibun ", though counted as two syllables in English, is counted as four on in Japanese ( ha-i-bu-n ); and the word " on " itself, which English-speakers would view as a single syllable, comprises two on: the short vowel o and the moraic nasal

If the nasal was absorbed by a stressed vowel, it would also lengthen the vowel.

In fact, only the " silent " final consonants which would be able to be pronounced the same way, if they were followed by a vowel, are able to rhyme together.

It dates from the mid-18th century and probably derives from Occitan izèda or the French ézed, whose reconstructed Latin form would be * idzēta, perhaps a popular form with a prosthetic vowel.

In Finnish, the case is formed by adding-hVn, where ' V ' represents the last vowel, and then removing the ' h ' if a simple long vowel would result.

It has been remarked by Jacques Roubaud that these two novels draw words from two disjoint sets of the French language, and that a third novel would be possible, made from the words not used so far ( those containing both " e " and a vowel other than " e ").

An apostrophe is used to indicate the hardness of the sound in the cases when normally the vowel would change the consonant to soft ; in other words, it functions like the yer in the Russian alphabet.

Attic-Ionic places an n ( movable nu ) at the end of some words that would ordinarily end in a vowel, when the next word starts with a vowel, to prevent hiatus ( two vowels in a row ).

Vowel harmony differs greatly from dialect to dialect, while many subvarities would alternate and, according to the previous stressed vowel ( e. g. terra ' Earth, land ' and dona ' woman '); others will favor just one realization ( either in all, or some, instances ; or ), thus, terra and dona can be pronounced and ( by those who favor ) or and ( by those who favor ).

A version with macrons follows for any who wish to recite the prayer with the restored classical pronunciation of Latin, although it would be anachronistic to do so since this pronunciation died out long before the prayer was composed ( note anyway that since the accents of the previous version refer to stress accent, and the macrons to vowel length, there is no incompatibility between the two notations ).

Now, in addition to the commonplace roots of consonant + vowel + consonant structure there are also well-attested roots like * dhē-" put, place " and * dō-" give " ( mentioned above ): these end in a vowel, which is always long in the categories where roots like * sed-have full grades ; and in those forms where zero grade would be expected, if before an affix beginning with a consonant, we find a short vowel, reconstructed as * ə, or schwa ( more formally, schwa primum indogermanicum ).

Whatever caused a short vowel to disappear entirely in roots like * sed -/* sod -/* sd -, it was a reasonable inference that a long vowel under the same conditions would not quite disappear, but would leave a sort of residue.

Conversely, the vowel marks of the Tigrinya abugida and the Amharic abugida ( ironically, the original source of the term " abugida ") have been so completely assimilated into their consonants that the modifications are no longer systematic and have to be learned as a syllabary rather than as a segmental script.

For example, while most of today's Altaic languages have vowel harmony, Proto-Altaic as reconstructed by Starostin et al.

" Impure " abjads have characters for some vowels, optional vowel diacritics, or both.

The basic consonantal symbol was considered to have an inherent " a " vowel sound.

This contrasts with a full alphabet, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an abjad, in which vowel marking is absent or optional.

* Loanwords that have a low central vowel in their language of origin, such as llama, pasta, and pyjamas, as well as place names like Gaza, tend to have rather than ( which is the same as due to the father – bother merger, see below ); this also applies to older loans like drama or Apache.

Another example is the pair of homophones plain and plane, where both are pronounced but are have two different spellings of the vowel.

* This is an abugida in which all consonants have an inherent vowel.

Landa means alphabet " without tail ", applying that the script did not have vowel symbols.

Some, notably Professor Bruce Biggs, have advocated that double vowels be written to mark long vowel sounds ( for example, Maaori ), but he was more concerned with their being marked be marked at all than with the method that was chosen.

The Greeks are thought to have come up with the innovation of vowel characters, and lacking a pharyngeal consonant, employed this letter as the Greek O to represent the vowel, a sound it maintained in Etruscan and Latin.

Languages which utilize vowel length or intonation rather than or in addition to syllabic accents in determining meter, such as Ottoman Turkish or Vedic, often have concepts similar to the iamb and dactyl to describe common combinations of long and short sounds.

As many symbols as possible have been taken over from the IPA ; where this is not possible, other signs that are available are used, e. g. for schwa ( IPA ), for the vowel sound found in French deux ( IPA ), and for the vowel sound found in French neuf ( IPA ).

In many languages, such as Malay and Vietnamese, word-final stops lack a release burst, even when followed by a vowel, or have a nasal release.

Highly aspirated stops have a long period of aspiration, so that there is a long period of voiceless airflow ( a phonetic ) before the onset of the vowel.

Many Indic scripts have a similar sign, generically called virama, but the Tamil script is somewhat different in that it nearly always uses a visible puḷḷi to indicate a dead consonant ( a consonant without a vowel ).