Theories involving the inheritance of acquired characteristics were among the most popular alternatives to natural selection, and scientists who felt that such Lamarckian mechanisms were the key to evolution were called neo-Lamarckians.

Theories of spiritual evolution are important in many Occult and Esoteric teachings, which emphasise the progression and development of the individual either after death ( spiritualism ) or through successive reincarnations ( Theosophy, Hermeticism ).

Theories abound about the evolution of the atelines ; one theory is they are most closely related to the woolly spider monkeys ( Bractyteles ), and most likely split from the woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix and Oreonax ) in the South American lowland forest, to evolve their unique locomotory system.

Theories of social and cultural evolution were common in modern European thought.

Theories regarding " stages " of evolution were especially criticised as illusions.

:" Theories of evolution which, because of the philosophies which inspire them, regard the spirit either as emerging from the forces of living matter, or as a simple epiphenomenon of that matter, are incompatible with the truth about man.

Human origins had been taboo to the scientific élite, but had long been featured in the radical press and the secularist Reasoner was currently running a series about evolution to combat " Theological Theories of the Origin of Man " with information about human fossils and Darwin's book.

Theories of social and cultural evolution are common in modern European thought.

Theories that attempt to explain ancient urbanism by a single factor, such as economic benefit, fail to capture the range of variation documented by archaeologists.

Theories proposed by neuroscientists such as Gerald Edelman and Antonio Damasio, and by philosophers such as Daniel Dennett, seek to explain consciousness in terms of neural events occurring within the brain.

Theories intended to explain these unusual clouds include materials left over from the formation of our galaxy, or tidally-displaced matter drawn away from other galaxies or members of the Local Group.

Theories of brainwashing and of mind control were originally developed to explain how totalitarian regimes appeared to succeed in systematically indoctrinating prisoners of war through propaganda and torture techniques.

Theories of political behavior, as an aspect of political science, attempt to quantify and explain the influences that define a person's political views, ideology, and levels of political participation.

Theories to explain the success of such companies include reliance on certain policies of the American federal government or a tendency to natural monopolies in the industry.

Theories held by mainstream Egyptologists about the date of the construction of the Great Sphinx of Giza have been challenged and various alternative theories have been proposed – about the builder or the dating – to explain its construction.

Park, Burgess and McKenzie, professors at the University of Chicago and three of the earliest proponents of urban sociology, developed the Subculture Theories, which helped to explain the often-positive role of local institutions on the formation of community acceptance and social ties.

The Value of All Values Across Time, Place and Theories ”, is an encompassing in-depth critical study of known world philosophies and fields to explain the inner logic of each canon and school in relationship to world problems across languages and eras including the method of life-value onto-axiology which is deployed to excavate, explain and resolve life-blind presuppositions of the world ’ s major thought-systems from the ancients East and West to modern and contemporary philosophy.

Functionalism had been the dominant paradigm but, in the 1960s, there was a shift towards Social Control Theories, conflict criminology, and labeling theories that tried to explain the emerging and more radical social environment.

Theories requiring fine-tuning are regarded as problematic in the absence of a known mechanism to explain why the parameters happen to have precisely the needed values.

Theories about the reference usually include an attempt to explain why this anonymizing idiom is used at all, rather than stating an identity.

Theories for the formation of the Moon must explain its late formation as well as the following facts.

Theories in neurophilosophy tend to stand in opposition to those of idealism, dualism, and functionalism, which seek to explain the mental with reference to minds and ideas, rather than the structure and function of the brain.

Theories used in applications are abstractions of observed phenomena and the resulting theorems provide solutions to real-world problems.

Theories of nucleosynthesis are tested by calculating isotope abundances and comparing with observed results.

They have observed the weakening of primary social relationships and relate this to a process of social disorganization ( comparison with the concept of anomie and the Strain Theories is instructive ).

Theories are that he feared the Rump was trying to perpetuate itself as the government, or that the Rump was preparing for an election which could return an anti-Commonwealth majority.

Theories about them have to rely on a preponderance of other evidence, which alone are not solid enough to warrant much conclusiveness.

In the early 1860s he worked on composing three large volumes, the Theories of Surplus Value, which discussed the theoreticians of political economy, particularly Adam Smith and David Ricardo.

Theories have been proposed that Víðarr's silence may derive from a ritual silence or other abstentions which often accompany acts of vengeance, as for example in Völuspá and Baldrs draumar when Váli, conceived for the sole purpose of avenging Baldr's death, abstains from washing his hands and combing his hair " until he brought Baldr's adversary to the funeral pyre ".

Theories of a cover-up still persisted, some of which were promulgated by the Arkansas Project.

Theories which claim that morality is derived from reasoning about implied imperatives ( universal prescriptivism ), the edicts of a god ( divine command theory ), or the hypothetical decrees of a perfectly rational being ( ideal observer theory ), are considered anti-realist in the robust sense used here, but are considered realist in the sense synonymous with moral universalism.

Theories for this warming include a change of frost patterns on Triton's surface and a change in ice albedo, which would allow more heat to be absorbed.

He is coauthor ( with Andrei Suslin and Eric M. Friedlander ) of Cycles, Transfers and Motivic Homology Theories, which develops the theory of motivic cohomology in some detail.

Theories have abounded, including some which suggest it may indicate the whereabouts of the Holy Grail, an idea fuelled by the Anson family's ancestral ties to the Knights Templar.

Theories which assert that the universe has an infinite age, including many of the theories described above, fail to account for the abundance of deuterium in the cosmos, because deuterium easily undergoes nuclear fusion in stars and there are no known astrophysical processes other than the Big Bang itself that can produce it in large quantities.

Theories which assert that the universe has a finite life, but that the Big Bang did not happen, have problems with the abundance of helium-4.

In 1828, Green published An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism, which is the essay he is most famous for today.

* Theories of Macrocosms and Microcosms in the History of Philosophy, G. P. Conger, NY, 1922, which includes a survey of critical discussions up to 1922.

In his 1972 study of The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism, historian Sterling Stuckey suggested that Walker's Appeal " would become an ideological foundation … for Black Nationalist theory .” Though some have subsequently suggested that Stuckey overstated the extent to which Walker contributed to the creation of a black nation, Thabiti Asukile, in a 1999 article on " The All-Embracing Black Nationalist Theories of David Walker ’ s Appeal ", defended Stuckey's interpretation.

Theories of the importance of both line and color asserted that through these elements an artist exerts control over the medium to create psychological effects, in which themes, emotions, and ideas can be represented.

The School is perhaps best known for the Subculture Theories of Thrasher, Frazier, and Sutherland, and for applying the principles of ecology to develop the Social Disorganization Theory which refers to consequences of the failure of:

Theories on the origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel support this theory, as it is believed that the breed specifically is a direct descendant of the " Agassian hunting dog " described in the hunting poem Cynegetica attributed to Oppian of Apamea, which belonged to the Celtic tribes of Roman-occupied Britain:

It is largely his conceptual analysis that made his work much more rigorous than his peers ', a point which can be seen clearly in his seminal work Are Theories of Learning Necessary?

Theories about his disappearance have suggested that he was murdered, that he ran off with another woman, or that he had been involved in corrupt practices which were about to be revealed, and therefore fled.

Theories include: the Tu-144 tried to avoid a French Mirage chase plane which was attempting to photograph it, that changes had been made by the ground engineering team to the auto-stabilisation circuits to allow the Tu-144 to outperform Concorde in the display circuit, and that the crew were attempting a manoeuvre — to outshine Concorde — that the aircraft was not capable of.

Theories, such as Blumer's, endure and are useful but, as is true of science in general, the empirical studies for which they provide guidance are of less enduring interest.

A scriptural geologist, Gisborne wrote two books which criticized the trend of geology away from a basis in the Bible: Testimony of Natural Theology to Christianity ( 1818 ) and Considerations on Modern Theories of Geology ( 1837 ).