These decrees were later supplemented by the First Vatican Council of 1870.

" These are likely the same Cathari mentioned in Canon 8 of the First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in 325 AD, which states "... f those called Cathari come over the Catholic faith, let them first make profession that they are willing to communicate full communion with the twice-married, and grant pardon to those who have lapsed ..."

These were followed by Gregory Benford's The Martian Race ( 1999 ), Geoffrey A. Landis's Mars Crossing ( 2000 ), and Robert Zubrin's First Landing ( 2002 ), which took as their starting points the smaller and more focussed expedition strategies evolved in the late 1990s, mostly building on the concepts of Mars Direct.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

These traits, along with his courage and leadership, would serve him well in the Dominion War, during which he fought in several battles, including the battle to retake Deep Space Nine, and the First and Second Battle of Chin ' toka.

These first students attended classes at First Presbyterian Church until permanent buildings could be erected on the new campus.

These tendencies however were never supported by the First Vatican Council's dogma of papal infallibility and primacy of 1870, but are rather inspired by erroneous private opinions of some Roman Catholic laymen, who tend to identify themselves completely with the Holy See.

These were the last Games until after the First World War.

These two components developed over the course of the history of the Commedia dell ' arte, and players began to specialize in the two types who were called: First and Second Zanni.

These acts were a precursor to the First Anglo-Dutch War.

These legends feature in certain works of fiction, including Vladimir Bartol's 1938 novel Alamut, and Simon Acland's First Crusade novels The Waste Land and The Flowers of Evil.

These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Oregon Trail and Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the First Transcontinental Telegraph stations and telegraph line which followed much the same route in 1861 from Carson City, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah.

These First Nations are the Kainai Nation ( formerly the Blood ), the Northern Peigan and the Siksika Nation.

These First Nations and the Blackfeet are sometimes collectively referred to as the Blackfoot or the Blackfoot Confederacy.

These were disbanded by an RPF-sponsored invasion in 1996 that replaced the Congolese president and resulted in the First Congo War.

These include Sofia High School of Mathematics, 91st German Language School, 164th Spanish Language School, First English Language School, and 9th French Language School.

These wings were redesignated as the First Corps ( Longstreet ) and Second Corps ( Jackson ) on November 6, 1862.

These actions mark the beginning of the First Macedonian War between Rome and Macedonia.

These positions include Slip ( often there are multiple slips next to each other, designated First slip, Second slip, Third slip, etc., numbered outwards from the wicket-keeper ) meant to catch balls that just edge off the bat ; Fly slip ; Gully ; Leg slip ; Leg gully ; the short and silly positions.

These soldiers were considered to be students of the Japanese and were feared by the French army in the First Indochina War.

These measures gave each platoon a clearer picture of how it fitted into the greater battle plan, and in so doing, reduced the command and control problems that plagued First World War combat.

These records of the First International Polar Year offer a rare glimpse of the circumpolar Arctic environment as it existed in the past and hold the potential to improve our understanding of historical climate variability and environmental change in the Arctic.

These palimpsests had originally belonged to the famous convent of St Columbanus at Bobbio, and had been written over by the monks with the acts of the First Council of Chalcedon.

These finishes were high enough for them to qualify for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1969 – 70 ( going out in Round 3 to Newcastle United ) and its successor, the UEFA Cup in 1971 – 72, when they went out in the First Round to Athletic Bilbao.

These records include " First MMORPG to Reach 100, 000 Players ", " Longest Running MMORPG ", and " First and Only Person to Kill Lord British ", which was done by a player named Rainz during a server reset which turned off his invulnerability.

These directives implied precise emphasis on: the search for political coordination with emerging and developing countries, namely India, South Africa, Russia and China ; creation of the Union of South American Nations and its derivative bodies, such as the South American Security Council ; strengthening of Mercosul ; projection at the Doha Round and WTO ; maintenance of relations with developed countries, including the United States ; undertaking and narrowing of relations with African countries ; campaign for the reform of the United Nations Security Council and for a permanent seat for Brazil ; and defense of social objectives allowing for a greater equilibrium between the States and populations.

These wonders are important achievements of society, science, culture and defense, ranging from the Pyramids and the Great Wall in the Ancient age, to Copernicus ' Observatory and Magellan's Expedition in the middle period, up to the Apollo program, the United Nations, and the Manhattan Project in the modern era.

These are the European Championship ( UEFA ), the Copa América ( CONMEBOL ), African Cup of Nations ( CAF ), the Asian Cup ( AFC ), the CONCACAF Gold Cup ( CONCACAF ) and the OFC Nations Cup ( OFC ).

These are trade associations representing specific aviation interests, whereas ICAO is a body of the United Nations.

These values are estimated using country-specific food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.

These standards are usually developed in voluntary consensus standards bodies such as the United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business ( UN / CEFACT ), the World Wide Web Consortium W3C, the Telecommunications Industry Association ( TIA ), and the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards ( OASIS ).

"(, p. 19 ) These are eight international development goals that 192 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed ( in 2000 ) to achieve by the year 2015.

These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations.

These two new programs are a product of the benchmarks set out by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.

These centres have the necessary legal status to enjoy autonomy and academic freedom, while keeping its humanistic purpose within the framework of both the Charter of the University for Peace and the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

These efforts materialized in the forms of the League of Nations, and its successor, the United Nations.

These concerns played a role in the United States government's decision at the United Nations in 1955 not to recommend further study.

These include: Certificate of Identity ( or " alien's passport "), the " Refugee Travel Document " and the United Nations laissez-passer.

These South African actions gave rise to several rulings at the International Court of Justice, which in 1950 ruled that South Africa was not obliged to convert South-West Africa into a UN trust territory, but was still bound by the League of Nations Mandate with the United Nations General Assembly assuming the supervisory role.

These territories were also former League of Nations mandates.

These texts are drawn up by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, an organization that is sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) and the World Health Organization ( WHO ).

The United Nations ' Universal Declaration of Human Rights is said to be an example of moral universalism in practice, but Article 29, Section 3 of that document states, " These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

These organizations were fundamental for ensuring international production in commerce, information, communication and modern economic development, and they later found their global form in such institutions as the League of Nations and the United Nations.