These modifications are often essential for the function or regulation of a protein ; for example, the carboxylation of glutamate allows for better binding of calcium cations, and the hydroxylation of proline is critical for maintaining connective tissues.

These tumor suppressing proteins regulate the cell cycle, but are rendered inactive when bound to an inhibitory protein.

These contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates transportation of oxygen by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood.

These types of membranes differ in lipid and protein composition.

These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes.

These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.

These include alpha-amylase from bacteria, which converts starch to simple sugars, chymosin from bacteria or fungi that clots milk protein for cheese making, and pectinesterase from fungi which improves fruit juice clarity.

These modifications may also form a signal sequence which determines the final destination of the protein.

These G proteins are made from three subunits, with the G domain located on the largest one ( the α unit ); together with the two smaller subunits ( β and γ units ), they form a tightly associated protein complex.

These proteins usually have phospholipase C as effector protein.

These GTPases play an important role in initiation, elongation and termination of protein biosynthesis.

These include the nitrogenous wastes called " urea ", from protein catabolism, as well as uric acid, from nucleic acid metabolism.

These include sphingosine-1-phosphate, a sphingolipid derived from ceramide that is a potent messenger molecule involved in regulating calcium mobilization, cell growth, and apoptosis ; diacylglycerol ( DAG ) and the phosphatidylinositol phosphates ( PIPs ), involved in calcium-mediated activation of protein kinase C ; the prostaglandins, which are one type of fatty-acid derived eicosanoid involved in inflammation and immunity ; the steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone and cortisol, which modulate a host of functions such as reproduction, metabolism and blood pressure ; and the oxysterols such as 25-hydroxy-cholesterol that are liver X receptor agonists.

These errors, called mutations, can have an impact on the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene.

These proteins can then be used to immunize rabbits, forming antibodies which bind to the protein.

These technique allows specific mutations to be engineered into a protein, however, they are not flexible in the kinds of mutants generated.

These polypeptides usually have a related function ( they often are the subunits composing a final complex protein ) and their coding sequence is grouped and regulated together in a regulatory region, containing a promoter and an operon.

These will then be used to make antibodies in a rabbit or mouse against the protein.

These sites are located on the interior surface of the rings, so that the target protein must enter the central pore before it is degraded.

These α subunits are controlled by binding to " cap " structures or regulatory particles that recognize polyubiquitin tags attached to protein substrates and initiate the degradation process.

These diets are proper protein supplements for captive sugar gliders.

These mice expressed a humanized version of the PrP protein that also contains the D178N FFI mutation.

These repeating segments can affect the physical and chemical properties of proteins, with the potential for producing gradual and predictable changes in protein action ( Hancock 2005 ).

These are subunit vaccines, consisting of defined protein antigens ( such as tetanus or diphtheria toxoid ) or recombinant protein components ( such as the hepatitis B surface antigen ).

These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bending, and are permanent unless the metal is recrystallized.

These types of substitutional defects are often referred to as off-center ions.

These qualities were alleged against him as defects, and to prove that his style was not the result of want of power, he painted the magnificent figure of the St. Mark Evangelist ( ranked as his masterpiece ), and the undraped figure of Saint Sebastian.

These point defects can migrate and cluster with each other, resulting in dislocation loops and other defects.

" These terms include: allege, auditor, defects, exchequer, forfeit, heirs, impeach, lease, moiety, recompense, render, sureties, and usage.

These sources are available for about one year, as tools in medical and dental diagnosis, as well as to detect defects in inaccessible mechanical and electronic components.

These defects could not be restored by adding purified cholesterol to the diet.

These include fluctuating configurations of defects in metals, fluctuating occupancies of traps in semiconductors, and fluctuating domain structures in magnetic materials.

These embryos had defects similar to those treated with thalidomide.

These diagnoses were used to describe a variety of mild defects in virilization ; as a result, the phenotypes of some men that have been diagnosed as such are better described by PAIS ( e. g. micropenis, hypospadias and undescended testes ), while others are better described by MAIS ( e. g. isolated infertility or gynecomastia ).

These conditions can be caused by birth defects, trauma, or in some cases because of heredity.

These defects may be severe, even life-threatening.

These processes include the scattering of phonons by crystal defects, or the scattering from the surface of the crystal in case of high quality single crystal.

These resonances are the basis for a number of experimental techniques for detecting defects.

These defects include the authoritarian control of the guru over the disciple, which is in their view increased by the guru's encouragement of surrender to him.

These defects cost Packard millions in recalls and tarnished a newly won image just in its infancy.

These defects become manageable at large focal ratios — most Schiefspieglers use f / 15 or longer, which tends to restrict useful observation to the moon and planets.

These studies showed that the gene is required for normal development of the brain and spinal cord and that the morphological defects seen in mutant embryos, such as failure to close dorsal regions of the neural tube during development, appeared secondary to expansion of ventral and reduction of dorsal identities in the developing neural tube.

These tombs became models which for many years were copied by most later sculptors with increasing exaggerations of their defects.

These identify three classes for measuring pixel defects in flat panel monitors:

These lasers are also used extensively in the field of cosmetic medicine for laser hair removal and the treatment of minor vascular defects such as spider veins on the face and legs.

The maintenance includes any general enhancements, changes and additions, which might be required by the end-users. These defects and deficiencies are usually documented by the developing organisation to enable future solutions and known issues addressing in any future maintenance releases.

These missions uncovered an array of defects in the justice systems of the countries visited, including arbitrary or abusive laws, unlawful practices, co-opted judges, defective trial procedures, secret detentions, and abusive security forces.