These interventive treatments could involve cleaning, stabilizing, repair, or even replacement of parts of the original object.

These boroughs were generally governed by a self-selecting corporation ( i. e., when a member died or resigned his replacement would be by co-option ).

These proofs can be carried over to infinite groups by replacement of the average with an integral, provided that an acceptable notion of integral can be defined.

These systems faced initial skepticism, based on the assumption that applications do not have significant parallelism, because of Amdahl's law, but the success of early systems such as nCUBE and the fast progress in microprocessor performance following Moore's law led to a fast replacement.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

These included CST and DanSoft, creators of the Thor line of compatible systems ; Miracle Systems, creator of the Gold Card and Super Gold Card processor / memory upgrade cards and the QXL PC-based hardware emulator ; and Qubbesoft, with the Aurora, the first replacement QL mainboard, featuring enhanced graphics modes.

These alternatives have seen negligible take-up and have been abandoned by their developers ; commentators widely doubt the viability of any replacement that does not preserve backward compatibility with X.

These hormonal changes are usually the result of pregnancy, birth control pills or estrogen replacement therapy.

These magnificent rainforests are endangered by extensive logging and their replacement by fast-growing non-native pines and eucalyptus.

These torpedo squadrons were responsible primarily for training replacement pilots and combat air crewmen, placing particular importance on carrier landings.

These planes were in desperate need of replacement, and in 1946 the Ilyushin Il-12 made its first flight.

These safety devices usually require replacement if they are activated by excess pressure.

These operated until their replacement by 1992 Stock in the early 1990s.

These may be best for patients with ocular allergies or other conditions because it limits deposits of antigens and protein, and is considered the healthiest wear schedule due to the most frequent replacement.

These led to: the replacement of all wooden escalators in sub-surface Underground stations with metal ones, with the only remaining wooden escalator ( as of 2008 ) located at the above-ground Greenford station.

These were still printed in the Missal, which, except for the replacement of the Holy Week liturgies, remained unchanged and was not considered to constitute a new editio typica superseding that of Pope Pius X, which was published by Pope Benedict XV in 1920.

These included the detailed planning and preparation used, the use of a farmhouse as a base and the intended ( but unsuccessful ) use of a replacement driver for the train.

These are sometimes called desknotes, a portmanteau of the words " desktop " and " notebook ", though the term is also applied to desktop replacement computers in general.

These additional precautions will increase the cost of the system, but can help prevent system failure and premature need for system replacement in the future.

These early models were finicky and required regular replacement of the cell in which the plasma was generated ( the DuKane unit used a precision machined quartz cell ).

These two taxa appeared in textbooks as an example of replacement by competition.

These replacement were destroyed in 1941, and new buildings were built based on a design by Hubert Worthington.

These lessons combined with observations of western AFV developments resulting in a replacement program for the original BMP in 1974.

These possible replacement values are assumed to range over a subset of either the real or complex numbers, depending on the equation or inequality under consideration ( in applications, real numbers are usually associated also with measurement units ).

These are grouped into sections according to the crystal system, and within each section compounds are arranged in the same order as in Groth's Chemische Krystallographie.

These compounds may produce positive results for amphetamine on drug tests.

These compounds are highly bioactive, e. g. as nematocides.

These compounds, e. g. calicheamicin, are some of the most aggressive antitumor drugs known, so much so that the ene-diyne subunit is sometimes referred to as a " warhead.

These compounds may be synthesized in the body or obtained from the diet.

These same compounds also increase secretion of macrophage colony-stimulating factor by osteoblasts, which promotes the differentiation of progenitor cells into osteoclasts, and decrease secretion of osteoprotegerin.

These other types of substances, such as ionic compounds and network solids, are organized in such a way as to lack the existence of identifiable molecules per se.

These electronegative elements are strongly associated with metal-bearing minerals, where they have formed water-insoluble compounds with the metals in the ores.

These compounds are also known as organocarbonates or carbonate esters, and have the general formula ROCOOR ′, or RR ′ CO < sub > 3 </ sub >.

These compounds are rigid and waterproof, making the secondary wall stiff.

These fusion proteins are labeled with compounds such as His-tags, biotin or antigens, which bind to the stationary phase specifically.

These include fracture patterns in crystals of quartz and feldspar, and formation of high-pressure materials such as diamond, derived from graphite and other carbon compounds, or stishovite and coesite, varieties of shocked quartz.

These compounds have shown possible activity as anti-cancer agents in vitro.

These non-stoichiometric compounds are also named berthollides in his honor.

These compounds can be reduced using either calcium or lithium metals in the following reactions:

These compounds dissociate near the hot center of the lamp releasing isolated dysprosium atoms.

These compounds, when heated together, form an azeotrope, which is a composition with a boiling point higher or lower than the boiling point of each separate liquid.

These tetrachlorides are precursors to various organohafnium compounds such as hafnocene dichloride and tetrabenzylhafnium.

These compounds are known as fast ion conductors.

These compounds include esters such as isopropyl propanoate ( 1. 8 %) and terpinyl acetate ( 1. 26 %); ketones such as carvone ( 0. 175 %); and a range of aldehydes such as citronellal ( 0. 6 %) and 2-methylundecanal.

These rare compounds contain organic carbon, but can be formed by a geologic process.

These forms are called furanoses and pyranoses, respectively — by analogy with furan and pyran, the simplest compounds with the same carbon-oxygen ring ( although they lack the double bonds of these two molecules ).

These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on.

These compounds may contain any number of other elements, including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens as well as phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.

These volatile compounds are decomposed along with ammonia, arsine, phosphine and related hydrides on a heated substrate via metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy ( MOVPE ) process for applications such as light emitting diodes ( LEDs ) fabrication.