The mass scale used in Table 5-1 was derived on the assumption that the motion of the glowing trail is related to the momentum transfer to the trail by the meteorite, permitting the calculation of the mass if the velocity is known ( Cook and Whipple, 1958 ).

In the era of mechanical calculation it was common to

The normal method of calculation in ancient Rome, as in Greece, was by moving counters on a smooth table.

The 1 / 4 abacus, which is suited to decimal calculation, appeared circa 1930, and became widespread as the Japanese abandoned hexadecimal weight calculation which was still common in China.

The 1976 definition of the astronomical unit was incomplete, in particular because it does not specify the frame of reference in which time is to be measured, but proved practical for the calculation of ephemerides: a fuller definition that is consistent with general relativity was proposed, and " vigorous debate " ensued until in August 2012 the International Astronomical Union adopted the current definition of 1 astronomical unit = 149597870700 meters.

Since the focus of his book was calculation, Bede gave instructions for computing the date of Easter and the related time of the Easter Full Moon, for calculating the motion of the Sun and Moon through the zodiac, and for many other calculations related to the calendar.

The key ingredient was Leon Neil Cooper's calculation of the bound states of electrons subject to an attractive force in his 1956 paper, " Bound Electron Pairs in a Degenerate Fermi Gas ".

This was the first known computer and most advanced system of calculation known to date-preceding Greek methods by 2, 000 years.

The calculation of the Roulette house edge was a trivial exercise ; for other games, this is not usually the case.

This difficulty was notably written about by economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, both of whom called it the " economic calculation problem ".

* An abacus was created sometime between 1000 BC and 500 BC, it later become a form of calculation frequency, nowadays it can be used as a very advanced, yet basic digital calculator that uses beads on rows to represent numbers.

Part of the reason that Hayek stressed the knowledge problem was also because he was mainly concerned with debating the proposal for Market Socialism and the Lange Model by Oskar R. Lange ( 1938 ) and Hayek's student Abba Lerner ( 1934, 1937, 1938 ), which was developed in response to the calculation argument.

The Gregorian calculation of Easter was based on a method devised by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) for adjusting the epacts of the moon, and has been adopted by almost all Western Christians and by Western countries who celebrate national holidays at Easter.

This was designed to exactly match the Gregorian calculation.

An improved Scheutzian calculation engine was sold to the British government and a later model was sold to the American government and these were used successfully in the production of logarithmic tables.

It was intended to check and verify calculation results of such computers.

It was programmable via punched paper tape, and contained several calculation units working in parallel.

The first of three programs written for the machine found the highest proper divisor of 2 < sup > 18 </ sup > ( 262, 144 ), a calculation that was known would take a long time to run — and so prove the computer's reliability — by testing every integer from 2 < sup > 18 </ sup > − 1 downwards, as division was implemented by repeated subtraction of the divisor.

The initial clock rate of the 80186 was 6 MHz, but due to more hardware available for the microcode to use, especially for address calculation, many individual instructions ran faster than on an 8086 at the same clock frequency.

Swedish engineers Georg and Edvard Scheutz, inspired by a description of the difference engine, created a mechanical calculation device based on the design in 1853.

The ' dynamics ' contribution is based on the idea of work, which is not used in the above rules of calculation.

At a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997, the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem, while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon.

Sanderson has also noted the relationship between Mulliken electronegativity and atomic size, and has proposed a method of calculation based on the reciprocal of the atomic volume.

* insulin on board: This calculation is based on the size of a bolus, the time elapsed since the completion of the bolus, and a programmable metabolic rate.

It was a binary 22-bit floating point calculator featuring programmability with loops but without conditional jumps, with memory and a calculation unit based on telephone relays.

For ease of calculation, relativity is commonly approximated by the force-based theory of universal gravitation based on Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

Singer states that arguments for or against abortion should be based on utilitarian calculation which compares the preferences of a woman against the preferences of the fetus.

Like all measures of birth control effectiveness, the Pearl Index is a calculation based on the observations of a given sample population.

The chemical properties of rutherfordium were based on calculation which indicated that the relativistic effects on the electron shell might be strong enough that the p orbitals have a lower energy level than the d orbitals, therefore making the element behave more like lead.

These tables had been based on a calculation technique developed by General Vilho Petter Nenonen, but Nevanlinna now came up with a new method which made them considerably faster to compile.

Accounting would be based on physical quantities, a common physical magnitude, or a direct measure of labour-time in place of financial calculation.

Other socialists have focused their analyses on the lack of self-management, the continued existence of financial calculation and the existence of a bureaucratic elite based on hierarchical and centralised powers of authority in the Soviet model, leading them to conclude that the Soviet system was not socialist, instead categorising it as bureaucratic collectivism, state capitalism or deformed workers ' states.

Economists of the Austrian school argue that socialist systems based on economic planning are unfeasible because they lack the information to perform economic calculation in the first place, due to a lack of price signals and a free price system, which they argue are required for rational economic calculation.

" They quote Blavatsky's writing in Secret Doctrine as stating Aryans used religion as an " everlasting lodestar " in contrast to Judaism which Blavatsky claimed was based on " mere calculation " while characterizing it as a " religion of hate and malice toward everyone and everything outside itself.

Any statistical calculation based on values where the person is standing at some place in the room and simultaneously has a lap as if sitting would be meaningless.

Blocks of data entering these systems get a short check value attached, based on the remainder of a polynomial division of their contents ; on retrieval the calculation is repeated, and corrective action can be taken against presumed data corruption if the check values do not match.

Up to this point, the primary way to calculate the electronic structure of molecules was based on a calculation by Walter Heitler and Fritz London on the hydrogen molecule ( H < sub > 2 </ sub >) in 1927.

* Automatic calculation of diffraction angles based on input variables.

The Talmud derives this from a calculation based on Biblical Texts.

Additionally, calculation of the Karaite calendar is not based on astronomical calculations, but only on direct observation of the New Moon and the ripening of Barley.

* The Second Housing Allowance Law of December 1970, which simplified the administration of housing allowances and extended entitlements, increased the income limit to 9, 600 DM per year plus 2, 400 DM for each family member, raised the general deduction on income to determine reckonable income from 15 % to 20 %, allowance rates listed in tales replacing complicated calculation procedure based on “ bearable rent burdens .”

The most precise value of α obtained experimentally through the present is based on a new measurement of g using a one-electron so-called " quantum cyclotron " apparatus, together with a calculation via the theory of QED that involved 891 four-loop Feynman diagrams: