The document is dated to the 2nd century BC and, in the form of a vision, briefly discusses dualism and the Watchers:

The first is substance dualism that assumes there is second, non-corporeal form of reality.

The second form is property dualism that says that body and soul are different properties of the same body.

The American philosopher Arthur Oncken Lovejoy in his * The Revolt Against Dualism ( 1960 ) develops a critique of the modern new realism, reproposing a form of dualism based on a " fork of human experience.

Although it does not entail substance dualism, according to Green, epiphenomenalism implies a one-way form of interactionism that is just as hard to conceive of as the two-way form embodied in substance dualism.

According to Daniel Boyarin, the underlying distinction between religion and ethnicity is foreign to Judaism itself, and is one form of the dualism between spirit and flesh that has its origin in Platonic philosophy and that permeated Hellenistic Judaism.

This would amount to a form of dualism.

Substance dualism is contrasted with all forms of materialism, but property dualism may be considered a form of emergent materialism or non-reductive physicalism in some sense.

The argument from simplicity is probably the simplest and also the most common form of argument against dualism of the mental.

All other beings are composed of actuality and potentiality, a dualism which is a general metaphysical formula for the dualism of matter and form, body and soul, substance and accident, the soul and its faculties, passive and active intellect.

Pluralism is in contrast to the concept of monism in metaphysics, while dualism is a limited form, a pluralism of exactly two models, structures, elements, or concepts.

Catharism was a form of dualism, also called Manichaeism, and rejected the authority of the Pope and many Christian teachings.

Superficially, panpsychism seems to be a form of property dualism, since it regards everything as having both mental and physical properties.

So long as the reduction of non-mental properties to mental ones is in place, panpsychism is not a form of property dualism.

Hellenistic theology, which could be deemed to last until the suppression of the Athenian Academy in 529 by Justinian I, overlaps with early Jewish and early Christian theology ( see below ), and several strands of thought important particularly to early Christian thought arise within Hellenistic circles: attempts to explain the apparent caprice of the gods, Atheism, the development of monotheism, the idea of God as first cause or form of the Good, the dualism of spirit and matter in humanity, and redemption ( the release of the spirit from its material prison to a higher spiritual world ) through knowledge.

Reg Whitaker blamed this on a combination of Quebec nationalists having no interest in the monarchy ( as full sovereignty and their own form of government was their ultimate goal ) with the remainder of the population simultaneously struggling with " bilingualism, dualism, special status, distinct society, asymmetrical federalism, sovereignty-association, partnership, and so on.

This insight led Torrance to oppose every form of dualism because such thinking always tended to keep God from interacting with us in history in one way or another.

Cartesian anxiety refers to the notion that, ever since René Descartes promulgated his influential form of body-mind dualism, Western civilization has suffered from a longing for ontological certainty, or feeling that scientific methods, and especially the study of the world as a thing separate from ourselves, should be able to lead us to a firm and unchanging knowledge of ourselves and the world around us.

Non-reductive physicalism is the predominant contemporary form of property dualism according to which mental properties are mapped to neurobiological properties, but are not reducible to them.

But for non-convex figures such as star polyhedra, when we seek to rigorously define this form of polyhedral duality in terms of projective polarity, various problems appear.

This duality allows players in some other games to use it as both at once ; some variants of Rummy allow players to form groups, or " melds ", of rank K-A-2 or similar.

However it does when a suitable form of Poincaré duality holds, for example if f is smooth and proper, or if one works with perverse sheaves rather than sheaves as in.

This is an abstract form of De Morgan's laws, or of duality applied to lattices.

Today, these dualities are usually collected under the label Stone duality, since they form a natural generalization of Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras.

In the form of functions with support that is bounded, it also plays a major part in various types of mathematical duality theories.

They satisfy a form of Poincaré duality on non-singular projective varieties, and the ℓ-adic cohomology groups of a " reduction mod p " of a complex variety tend to have the same rank as the singular cohomology groups.

In some systems the deity Ardhanarishvara a hermaphrodite form of Shiva-Shakti, symbolising the primordial duality of subject and object, resides within the lingum.

On a Riemannian manifold, or more generally a pseudo-Riemannian manifold, k-forms correspond to k-vector fields ( by duality via the metric ), so there is a notion of a vector field corresponding to a closed or exact form.

A distinguishing feature of parabolic geometries is a Lie algebra structure on its cotangent spaces: this arises because the perpendicular subspace p < sup >⊥</ sup > of p in g with respect to the Killing form of g is a subalgebra of p, and the Killing form induces a natural duality between p < sup >⊥</ sup > and g / p.

By planar duality it became coloring the vertices, and in this form it generalizes to all graphs.

When L / K is separable, the trace provides a duality theory via the trace form: the map from to K sending ( x, y ) to Tr ( xy ) is a nondegenerate, symmetric, bilinear form called the trace form.

According to Meher Baba, the consciousness of the soul in duality first goes through the long process of evolution of form, then, upon reaching the human form, consciousness enters the process of reincarnation, and finally reaches the process of involution, which culminates in God-realization.

A form of Poincaré duality was first stated, without proof, by Henri Poincaré in 1893.

Poincaré duality did not take on its modern form until the advent of cohomology in the 1930s, when Eduard Čech and Hassler Whitney invented the cup and cap products and formulated Poincaré duality in these new terms.

He explains that nonduality, or emptiness, has two facets: one is the empty, or nondual, and the other is form, or duality.

A particularly simple form of duality comes from order theory.

A classical example of this is the duality of the platonic solids, in which the cube and the octahedron form a dual pair, the dodecahedron and the icosahedron form a dual pair, and the tetrahedron is self-dual.

Constructivism proposes new definitions for knowledge and truth that form a new paradigm, based on inter-subjectivity instead of the classical objectivity, and on viability instead of truth.

First formulated by Lovelock during the 1960s as a result of work for NASA concerned with detecting life on Mars, the Gaia hypothesis proposes that living and non-living parts of the Earth form a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism.

This theory, conceived by a British Glass manufacturer, proposes that the first two figures are Gauis Octavius, father of the future emperor, and Attia Julia Balboa, his mother ( hence the cherub with the arrow ) who had a dream of being impregnated by Apollo in the form of a sea serpent ( ketos ), note the snake's prominent teeth.

Punctuated equilibrium ( also called punctuated equilibria form ) is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that most species will exhibit little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history, remaining in an extended state called stasis.

" A second theory proposes 老麺 ( laomian, " old noodles ") as the original form, while another states that ramen was initially 鹵麺 ( lǔmiàn ), noodles cooked in a thick, starchy sauce.

Socrates proposes that the syllable can be a ' single form ' produced from the letters.

If it is Cornish then ' Dun ' would = Fort ( Oliver Padel proposes ' Dun ' '- tagell ' ( narrow place ) in his book on place name elements and may be right ); there is a possible cognate form in the Channel Islands: Tente d ' Agel, but that still leaves the question subject to doubt.

He proposes that OBEs under both conditions, relaxation and hyper-arousal, represent a form of " waking dream ", or the intrusion of Stage 1 sleep processes into waking consciousness.

Reviewing its uses in scholarly literature, historian Werner Bergmann proposes that pogroms be " defined as a unilateral, nongovernmental form of collective violence initiated by the majority population against a largely defenseless ethnic group, and occurring when the majority expect the state to provide them with no assistance in overcoming a ( perceived ) threat from the minority ," but adds that in western usage, the word's " anti-Semitic overtones " have been retained.

He proposes that God is currently reassembling himself through the ongoing formation of a collective intelligence in the form of the human race, modern examples of which include the development of the Internet ; this is related to the idea of the Omega Point.

The Gaia hypothesis, also known as Gaia theory or Gaia principle, proposes that all organisms and their inorganic surroundings on Earth are integrated to form a single and self-regulating complex system, maintaining the conditions for life on the planet.

One mechanism proposes that the color of the emitted light depends on whether the product is in the keto or enol form.

This explanation proposes that a planar form with an angle of 0 ° between the two rings corresponds to a higher energy state and emits a higher-energy green light, whereas an angle of 90 ° puts the structure in a lower energy state and emits a lower-energy red light.

Since one experiences it as it manifests itself in time, which Kant proposes is a subjective form of perception, one can know it only indirectly: as object, rather than subject.

The Buteyko method or Buteyko Breathing Technique is a form of complementary or alternative physical therapy that proposes the use of breathing exercises as a treatment for asthma as well as other conditions.

Wächtershäuser proposes that the earliest form of life, termed " pioneer organism ", originated in a volcanic hydrothermal flow at high pressure and high ( 100 ° C ) temperature.

As a philosopher he is particularly known for his publication of Civilisation, Its Cause and Cure in which he proposes that civilisation is a form of disease that human societies pass through.

Rather than select a single definition, Gledhill proposes that collocation involves at least three different perspectives: ( i ) cooccurrence, a statistical view, which sees collocation as the recurrent appearance in a text of a node and its collocates, ( ii ) construction, which sees collocation either as a correlation between a lexeme and a lexical-grammatical pattern, or as a relation between a base and its collocative partners and ( iii ) expression, a pragmatic view of collocation as a conventional unit of expression, regardless of form.

David D. Friedman proposes a form of free-market anarchism where in addition to security being provided by the market, the law itself is produced by the market.

Probably composed in its earliest form in the period 100 < span style =" font-variant: small-caps "> bce </ span >– 100 < span style =" font-variant: small-caps "> ce </ span >, the White Lotus proposes that the three yanas ( Shravakayana, Pratyekabuddhayana, and Bodhisattvayana ) are not in fact three different paths leading to three goals, but one path, with one goal.

Income tax with earnings under £ 10, 000 to be tax free the party proposes a top rate of income tax of 50 % on taxable earnings over £ 100, 000 ; the party advocates a system of ' Universal Inheritance ' whereby all UK – born citizens at the age of 25 are paid a £ 10, 000 ' inheritance ' at the age of 25, to be repaid in the form of a reformed inheritance tax with a starting rate of 10 %; the Liberal Party remains committed to Land Value Taxation.

He proposes a new form of addition, which he calls quus, which is identical with plus in all cases except those in which either of the numbers to be added are greater than 57 ; in which case the answer would be 5.

Nors Josephson proposes similarities in form, key structure, and orchestration of the first movement of Dvořák ’ s Symphony No. 6 with Beethoven ’ s Symphony No. 3.

At the Brethren Court, Barbossa proposes releasing Calypso from her human form to help them fight Beckett.