In modern ( late 20th century ) theoretical physics, angular momentum is described using a different formalism.

Under this formalism, angular momentum is the 2-form Noether charge associated with rotational invariance ( As a result, angular momentum is not conserved for general curved spacetimes, unless it happens to be asymptotically rotationally invariant ).

The BCS formalism is based on the reduced potential for the electrons attraction.

In the complementary energy-dependent approach, the time-independent Schrödinger equation is solved using the scattering theory formalism.

For the following formalism, the rotating frame of reference is regarded as a special case of a non-inertial reference frame that is rotating relative to an inertial reference frame denoted the stationary frame.

This program is still recognizable in the most popular philosophy of mathematics, where it is usually called formalism.

In the Hamiltonian formalism, given a coordinate it is possible to derive the appropriate ( generalized ) momentum such that the associated volume is preserved by the flow.

Electron counting is a formalism used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting electronic structure and bonding.

The chief evil of the day, he says, is formalism, going through the motions of tradition without understanding their basis in the teachings of Christ.

Einstein struggled to the end of his life for a theory that could better comply with his idea of causality, protesting against the view that there exists no objective physical reality other than that which is revealed through measurement interpreted in terms of quantum mechanical formalism.

Formalism is primarily concerned with style and how it communicates ideas, emotions, and themes ( rather than, as critics of formalism point out, concentrating on the themes of a work itself ).

It is this auteur style that concerns formalism.

In logic and the foundations of mathematics, formal languages are used to represent the syntax of axiomatic systems, and mathematical formalism is the philosophy that all of mathematics can be reduced to the syntactic manipulation of formal languages in this way.

Although the statement of the theory in terms of graphs may imply perturbation theory, use of graphical methods in the many-body problem shows that this formalism is flexible enough to deal with phenomena of nonperturbative characters ...

An extension of this expansion is the parametrized post-Newtonian ( PPN ) formalism, which allows quantitative comparisons between the predictions of general relativity and alternative theories.

The proof of Gödel's completeness theorem given by Kurt Gödel in his doctoral dissertation of 1929 ( and a rewritten version of the dissertation, published as an article in 1930 ) is not easy to read today ; it uses concepts and formalism that are outdated and terminology that is often obscure.

Now since the string of quantifiers does not contain variables from x or y, the following equivalence is easily provable with the help of whatever formalism we're using:

It should be noted that the assignment of a whole-number oxidation state is a formalism, as the covalent bonds are not required to have perfect bond orders involving whole electron-transfer.

This is the approach commonly taken in introductory treatments of quantum mechanics, using the formalism of Schrödinger's wave mechanics.

The name refers to the lambda calculus, a mathematical formalism invented by Alonzo Church, with which LISP is intimately connected, and references the Knights Templar.

Any of the several well-known axiomatisations will do ; we assume without proof all the basic well-known results about our formalism ( such as the normal form theorem or the soundness theorem ) that we need.

The need for formalism in arithmetic was not well appreciated until the work of Hermann Grassmann, who showed in the 1860s that many facts in arithmetic could be derived from more basic facts about the successor operation and induction.

The basic ingredient of the Cartan formalism is an invertible linear map, between vector bundles over M where TM is the tangent bundle of M. The invertibility condition on e is sometimes dropped.

A common formalism is a compromise between expressive power ( in which development is strongly driven by potential applications ) and the progress of basic research ( which encourages development from well-understood foundations ).

This paradigm is helping to solve the classical mind / body problem, and is the basic mathematical formalism that is used in biological neural network research today.

) It is one of the first attempts at creating a quantum information theory, showing that Shannon information theory cannot directly be generalized to the quantum case, but rather that it is possible to construct a quantum information theory, which is a generalization of Shannon's theory, within the formalism of a generalized quantum mechanics of open systems and a generalized concept of observables ( the so-called semi-observables ).

The principal advantages of the formalism are that it allows the computation of off-shell amplitudes and, when a classical action is available, gives non-perturbative information that cannot be seen directly from the standard genus expansion of string scattering.

His rural scenes influenced some of the younger artists of the time, moving them to abandon formalism and to draw inspiration directly from nature.

In a talk given by Clement Greenberg at Western Michigan University, January 18, 1983, he addressed the topic of ' formalism ' directly.

They can all be expressed directly in terms of the Ricci spinors and Weyl spinors, using Newman – Penrose formalism ; see the link below.

This theory results in a measurement formalism, analogous to thermodynamics for classical mechanics, which yields the standard quantum formalism generally associated with the Copenhagen interpretation.

When multiplied by an amount of charge dZ the emf ℰ yields a thermodynamic work term ℰdZ that is used in the formalism for the change in Gibbs free energy when charge is passed in a battery:

The kind of physical excitation that yields an instanton depends on the number of dimensions of the spacetime, but, surprisingly, the formalism for dealing with these instantons is relatively dimension-independent.

The ideal Postmodernist novel will somehow rise above the quarrel between realism and irrealism, formalism and " contentism ," pure and committed literature, coterie fiction and junk fiction ...

The annihilation and creation operator description has also been useful to analyze classical reaction diffusion equations, such as the situation when a gas of molecules A diffuse and interact on contact, forming an inert product: To see how this kind of reaction can be described by the annihilation and creation operator formalism, consider particles at a site on a 1-d lattice.

Albert Einstein created the foundations for the laser and maser in 1917, via a paper in which he re-derived Max Planck ’ s law of radiation using a formalism based on probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

Before the Twelve Tables ( 754 – 449 BC ), private law comprised the Roman civil law ( ius civile Quiritium ) that applied only to Roman citizens, and was bonded to religion ; undeveloped, with attributes of strict formalism, symbolism, and conservatism, e. g. the ritual practice of mancipatio ( a form of sale ).

" With this new law the old formalism is being abandoned and new more flexible principles of ius gentium are used.

Proponents of legal formalism disagree, saying that " law " is what is commanded by a lawgiver, that judges are not lawgivers, and that what judges do, while it might belong to the field of law, is not " law " but legal practice.

Legal realism emerged as an anti-formalist and empirically oriented response to and rejection of the legal formalism of Dean Christopher Columbus Langdell and the American Law Institute ( ALI ), as well as of the " mechanical jurisprudence " or " science of law " with which both became associated.

Legal formalism is a legal positivist view in philosophy of law and jurisprudence.

While Jeremy Bentham's legal positivism can be seen as appertaining to the legislature, legal formalism appertains to the Judge ; that is, formalism does not ( as positivists do ) suggest that the substantive justice of a law is irrelevant, but rather, that in a democracy, that is a question for the legislature to address, not the Judge.

For example, formalism animates the commonly heard criticism that " judges should apply the law, not make it.

For example if the law is vague or broad enough to allow the appellate judge some discretion in his decision making, an exploration of the consequences of the possible decision outside of legal formalism may provide guidance.

Eu proposes consequently that the zeroth law of thermodynamics can be considered to apply even when thermodynamic equilibrium is not present ; also he proposes that if changes are occurring so fast that a steady temperature cannot be defined, then " it is no longer possible to describe the process by means of a thermodynamic formalism.

Profoundly influenced by his experience fighting in the American Civil War, Holmes helped move American legal thinking away from formalism and towards legal realism, as summed up in his maxim: " The life of the law has not been logic ; it has been experience.

Legal realists rejected formalism and static legal rules ; instead, they searched for the experiential and the role of human idiosyncracy in the development of law.

He was also the founder of the movement for " sociological jurisprudence ," an influential critic of the U. S. Supreme Court's " liberty of contract " ( freedom of contract ) line of cases, symbolized by Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ), and one of the early leaders of the movement for American Legal Realism, which argued for a more pragmatic and public-interested interpretation of law and a focus on how the legal process actually occurred, as opposed to the arid legal formalism which prevailed in American jurisprudence at the time.

It is closely related to legal formalism and the rule of law and can be traced from the writings of Feuerbach, Dicey and Montesquieu.

Post-Newtonian formalism is a calculational tool that expresses Einstein's ( nonlinear ) equations of gravity in terms of the lowest-order deviations from Newton's law of universal gravitation.