Recent genetic studies as part of the Genetic history of Europe on the y-chromosomes of men in Abergele have revealed that there is a significant percentage of E1b1b1a2 haplogroup in Abergele.

The frequency of Y-DNA haplogroup R1b ( the most common haplogroup in Europe ) is highest in the populations of Atlantic Europe and, due to European emigration, in North America, South America, and Australia.

There was discontinuity between mesolithic central Europe and modern European populations mainly due to an extremely high frequency of haplogroup U ( particularly U5 ) types in mesolithic central European sites.

However, the recent analysis of Arredi, Poloni and Tyler-Smith ( 2007 ) suggests that R1b-M269, the most common western European haplogroup, may have entered Europe only in the Neolithic.

* Y haplogroup I is only found in Europe, and may have been there since before the LGM.

The other most common Y haplogroup in the Balkans has strong associations with many parts of Europe:

In Europe including the Balkans, it tends to be less common in Slavic speaking areas, where R1a is often the most common haplogroup.

Geneticists have noted the correlation of a specific haplogroup R1a1a defined by the M17 ( SNP marker ) of the Y chromosome and speakers of Indo-European languages in Europe and Asia.

The nineteen Pitted Ware samples from Gotland were dominated by mtDNA haplogroups U4, U5 and U5a, though it should be noted that, because of the low resolution of the tests performed, some haplotypes reported as U4 may actually belong to haplogroup H. By contrast the three Funnelbeaker samples from Gökhem contained no haplogroup U. This is consistent with findings elsewhere in northern Europe of a distinct difference in mtDNA between hunter-gatherers and farmers.

In the case of paternal-line Y-chromosome DNA, the Indo-Aryan migration is associated with the R1a haplogroup, especially the R1a1a subgroup, which clusters in Eastern Europe and the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, and nicely dovetails with the observed similarities between Lithuanian and Sanskrit, and more broadly, satem languages as a whole.

Indeed, this author finds the motif with four-legged animals in North America and Europe, in an area coinciding with the area of haplogroup X.

The Y chromosome p49a, f TaqI Haplotype V, which corresponds to Y haplogroup E1b1b1b ( M81 ) — formerly E3b1b, E3b2 and colloquially referred to as the " Berber marker "— has been found among 68. 9 % of modern Berbers in North Africa and as high as 80 % in one group.

However, these results have not been replicated in the broad array of genetic studies that have looked at Iberian heritage, and the conclusion has been questioned even by the authors themselves and by Stephen Oppenheimer, who pointed out that much earlier migrations, 5000 to 10, 000 years ago from the Eastern Mediterranean, might also account for these haplogroup proportions.

The most divergent ( oldest ) mitochondrial haplogroup, L0d, has been identified at its highest frequencies in the southern African San groups.

More recent research, using a larger number of Y-STR markers to gain higher resolution more specific genetic signatures, has indicated that about half of contemporary Jewish Kohanim, who share Y-chromosomal haplogroup J1c3 ( also called J-P58 ), do indeed appear to be very closely related.

While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroup D allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.

( The haplogroup E1b1b1a2-V13 has its highest frequency in Kosovo, its second highest in Albania, and its third highest in Serbia ).

However, this is a subclade of the D haplogroup which has not been seen outside of the Andamans, a fact that underscores the insularity of these tribes.

Given the insularity of the Andamanese, this has led geneticists to believe that this haplogroup originated with the earliest settlers of India during the coastal migration that brought the ancestors of the Andamanese to the Indian mainland, the Andaman Islands and further afield to Southeast Asia.

A derived form of MCPH1 called haplogroup D appeared about 37, 000 years ago ( any time between 14, 000 and 60, 000 years ago ) and has spread to become the most common form throughout the world except Sub-Saharan Africa ; this rapid spread suggests a selective sweep.

Likewise, Sykes has invented names for an additional 29 " clan mothers " worldwide, each corresponding to a different haplogroup identified by geneticists: " Fufei, Ina, Aiyana / Ai, Yumi, Nene, Naomi, Una, Uta, Ulrike, Uma, Ulla, Ulaana, Lara, Lamia, Lalamika, Latasha, Malaxshmi, Emiko, Gaia, Chochmingwu / Chie, Djigonasee / Sachi, Makeda, Lingaire, Lubaya, Limber, Lila, Lungile, Latifa and Layla.

Cheddar Man was determined to have belonged to Haplogroup U5, a branch of mitochondrial haplogroup U, which has also been found in other Mesolithic human remains.

Y DNA haplogroup E1b1b ( formerly E3b ) predominates among North African populations ; its E1b1b1b subgroup ( M81 ) is identified especially with Berbers.

The frequency of this haplogroup peaks in Herzegovina ( 64 %), and its variance peaks over a large geographic area covering B-H, Serbia, Hungaria, Czech Republic, and Slovakia.

The frequency of this haplogroup peaks in Poland ( 56. 4 %) and Ukraine ( 54. 0 %), and its variance peaks in northern Bosnia.

If focusing haplogroup O-P31 in those researches, the patrilines derived from its subclade O-SRY465 are frequently found in both Japanese ( mean 32 %, with frequency in various samples ranging from 26 % to 36 %) and Koreans ( mean 30 %, with frequency in various samples ranging from 19 % to 40 %).

The most divergent ( oldest ) mitochondrial haplogroup, L0d, have been identified at its highest frequencies in the southern African Khoe and San groups.

* Y haplogroup E1b1b ( E-M35 ) in the modern Balkan population is dominated by its sub-clade E1b1b1a ( E-M78 ) and specifically by the most common European sub-clade of E-M78, E-V13.

in 2005 found the following Y-Dna haplogroup frequencies in Albanians from Kosovo with haplogroup E1b1b and its subclades representing 47. 4 % of the total:

Actually, whereas in the European populations haplogroup H reaches its highest frequencies, HV and pre-HV mtDNAs ( when present ) have a very low incidence.

found that the Papuan people have among the highest rate of the newly-evolved ASPM haplogroup D, at 59. 4 % occurrence of the approximately 6, 000-year-old allele.

Ethnic Somalis number around 15-17 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia ( around 8. 5 million ), Ethiopia ( 4. 6 million ), Yemen ( a little under 1 million ), Kenya ( 900, 000 ), Djibouti ( 464, 600 ), After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the Eurasian haplogroup T ( M70 ), which is found in slightly more than 10 % of Somali males.

Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean.

( 2004 ), two out of a sample of sixteen ( or 12. 5 %) Ainu men have been found to belong to Haplogroup C3, which is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the indigenous populations of the Russian Far East and Mongolia.

based on high-resolution analysis of haplogroup K ( mtDNA ), suggested that about 40 % of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from just four women, or " founder lineages ", that were " likely from a Hebrew / Levantine mtDNA pool " originating in the Middle East in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE.

The study suggested that those patrilines belonging to haplogroup D are possibly the first modern human groups in East Asia based on the Out of Africa theory because their ancestor haplogroup DE is found in African people in Nigeria along with Tibetan in East Asia.

* Haplogroup L3 ( mtDNA ), a human mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) haplogroup generally found in East Africa

The only acception of the completely East / Southeast Asian lineage in Cape coloured are haplogroup O3-M122 ( 3. 58 %) and K-M9 ( 1. 32 %) both which are found among Chinese and Southeast Asians but not among the Malagasy.

Around 80 – 100, 000 years ago, three main lines of Homo sapiens diverged, bearers of mitochondrial haplogroup L1 ( mtDNA ) / A ( Y-DNA ) colonizing Southern Africa ( the ancestors of the Khoisan / Capoid peoples ), bearers of haplogroup L2 ( mtDNA ) / B ( Y-DNA ) settling Central and West Africa ( the ancestors of Niger – Congo and Nilo-Saharan speaking peoples ), while the bearers of haplogroup L3 remained in East Africa.

The Bushmen's Y-chromosomal DNA haplogroup ( type A ) is one of the oldest, splitting off around 70, 000 years ago from those found in the rest of humanity ( type BT ).

According to an autosomal DNA study ( the autosomal study is about the sum of the ancestors of a person, unlike mtDNA or yDNA haplogroup studies, who cover only one single line ), the " pardos " in Rio de Janeiro were found to be predominantly European, at roughly 70 % ( see table ).

This second group fall under haplogroup J2a ( J-M410 ).

Samaritan Kohanim descend from a different patrilineal family line, having haplogroup E1b1b1a ( M78 ) ( formerly E3b1a ).

* Y haplogroup J in the modern Balkans is mainly represented by the sub-clade J2b ( also known as J-M12 or J-M102 for example ).

Out of 10 human male remains assigned to the Andronovo horizon from the Krasnoyarsk region, 9 possessed the R1a Y-chromosome haplogroup and one Haplogroup C ( Y-DNA )( xC3 ).

The Andamanese belong to the broad Y-chromosome lineage designated as M130 ( haplogroup C ).

Out of 10 human male remains assigned to the Andronovo horizon from the Krasnoyarsk region, 9 possessed the R1a Y-chromosome haplogroup and one C haplogroup ( xC3 ).

Out of 10 human male remains assigned to the Afanasevo horizon from the Krasnoyarsk region, 9 possessed the R1a Y-chromosome haplogroup and one C haplogroup ( xC3 ).