Resistance to antibacterials also occurs through horizontal gene transfer.

Due to concerns over horizontal gene transfer to pathogenic organisms in the wild, the European Food Safety Authority restricts use of this gene ( among other resistance genes ) in commercial genetically modified organisms.

* more recently, compare entire genomes, which permits the study of more complex evolutionary events, such as gene duplication, horizontal gene transfer, and the prediction of factors important in bacterial speciation,

Discovered in 1946 by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum, conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve cell-to-cell contact.

The theory asserts that all currently living organisms on Earth share a common genetic heritage with each being the descendant from a single original species, though the suggestion of substantial horizontal gene transfer during early evolution has led to questions about monophyly of life.

The gene encoding the cholera toxin is introduced into V. cholerae by horizontal gene transfer.

When genes are inserted, they usually come from a different species, which is a form of horizontal gene transfer.

Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer.

* Genomic evolution, like horizontal gene transfer, genome fusions in endosymbioses, and adaptive changes in genome size.

The combination of a high mutation rate and a horizontal gene transfer ability makes them highly adaptable, and able to survive in new environments, including outer space.

In general, organisms can inherit genes in two ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer.

Vertical gene transfer is the passage of genes from parent to offspring, and horizontal ( also called lateral ) gene transfer occurs when genes jump between unrelated organisms, a common phenomenon especially in prokaryotes ; a good example of this is the acquired antibiotic resistance as a result of gene exchange between various bacteria leading to multi-drug-resistant bacterial species.

Indeed, due to the effects of horizontal gene transfer, polyploid complexes and other peculiarities of plant genomics, phenetic techniques in botany-though less informative altogether-are also less prone to errors compared with cladistic analysis of DNA sequences.

Plasmids can be considered part of the mobilome because they are often associated with conjugation, a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.

Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and typically provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.

They may have originated in the last universal common ancestor, or arisen independently multiple times, or perhaps arisen once and then spread to other kingdoms by horizontal gene transfer.

Bacteriophages occasionally move genetic material from one bacterial cell to another in a process known as transduction, and this horizontal gene transfer is one reason why they served as a major research tool in the early development of molecular biology.

* Transposition ( horizontal gene transfer ), the transfer of genetic material between organisms other than by vertical gene transfer

Walers are structural elements which connect across the excavation so that the loads from the soil on either side of the excavation are used to resist each other, or which transfer horizontal loads from the shoring wall to the base of the excavation.

This places a pair of transfer ports in the sides of the cylinder and encourages gas flow to rotate around a vertical axis, rather than a horizontal axis.

The maximum amount of subsidence was 1. 2 m ( 3. 93 ft ), coupled with horizontal diastrophism of up to 5. 3 m ( 17. 3 ft ) on the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi Prefecture.

The auxiliary engine is coupled with five generators to operate at different speeds: Two Metadyn machines in tandem with a flywheel ( which is used to store energy during acceleration and deceleration of the tower ) for the power of the vertical and horizontal directional drives, two 380-Hz three-phase generators with a capacity of 20 kVA for the ventilation, fire control and radar systems, and a 300-A 28-volt direct current generator for the electrical system.

The features most associated with the miquelet are the horizontal sears, acting through the lockplate, coupled with the external mainspring and the top jaw screw ring.

We assume that average total unit cost in the relevant region of operation is constant with respect to quantity produced ( the average cost curve is horizontal, and therefore is identical with the marginal cost curve ), and is the same for every firm ( and therefore for the industry ).

In the center of the tablet is a set of 5 parallel lines equally divided by a vertical line, capped with a semicircle at the intersection of the bottom-most horizontal line and the single vertical line.

Below these lines is a wide space with a horizontal crack dividing it.

Also, when the patient is standing with arms and hands extended toward the physician, if the eyes are closed, the patient's finger will tend to " fall down " and then be restored to the horizontal extended position by sudden muscular contractions ( the " ataxic hand ").

Images of a gravity-bound or man-made environment are particularly anisotropic in the orientation domain, with more image structure located at orientations parallel with or orthogonal to the direction of gravity ( vertical and horizontal ).

* Graphics modes: 160 × 256 ( 4 or 16 colours ), 320 × 256 ( 2 or 4 colours ), 640 × 256 ( 2 colours ), 320 × 200 ( 2 colours — spaced display with two blank horizontal lines following every 8 pixel lines ), 640 × 200 ( 2 colours — spaced display )

Similarly, the angle that a line makes with the horizontal can be defined by the formula

From left to right: end of a video scan line, front porch, horizontal sync pulse, back porch with color burst, and beginning of next line

Each display list contains sprite entries with pointers to graphics data, color information, and horizontal positioning.

In the Robinson anemometer the axis of rotation is vertical, but with this subdivision the axis of rotation must be parallel to the direction of the wind and therefore horizontal.

James Lind's anemometer of 1775 consisted simply of a glass U tube containing a liquid manometer ( pressure gauge ), with one end bent in a horizontal direction to face the wind and the other vertical end remains parallel to the wind flow.

There were three main kinds of harpoon that the Aleut ’ s used: a simple harpoon, with a head that kept its original position in the animal after striking, a compound ( toggle-head ) harpoon in which the head took a horizontal position in the animal after penetration, and the throwing-lance used to kill large animals.

Once the tip penetrates the animal the upper sub head broke off from the rest of the shaft, however, since it was still connected with the braided loop it rotated the head into a horizontal position inside the animal ’ s body so that it could not get away from the hunter.

The graph of a function with a horizontal, vertical, and oblique asymptote.

Thus, Walsh modified the vertical passing scheme he had learned during his time with the Raiders, designing a horizontal passing system that relied on quick, short throws-often spreading the ball across the entire width of the field.

Most bipedal animals move with their backs close to horizontal, using a long tail to balance the weight of their bodies.

Starting with an empty grid of dots, players take turns, adding a single horizontal or vertical line between two unjoined adjacent dots.

Similarly, BBC interactive television services all offered a horizontal i-bar along the bottom of television screens, with four colour-coded interactions linked to the four colour buttons on TV remote controls.

Bricks are laid in horizontal courses, sometimes dry and sometimes with mortar.

Special flanged steel wheels are behind the rubber-tired running wheels, with additional horizontal guide wheels in front of and behind the running wheels, as well.

It combines the symbol for " writing tool " or " pen " ( a line inclined, as a pen being used ) with the symbol for " world ", which in its turn combines " ground " or " earth " ( a horizontal line below ) and its counterpart derivate " sky " ( a horizontal line above ).