Most presidents in such countries are selected by democratic means ( popular direct or indirect election ); however, like all other systems, the presidential model also encompasses people who become head of state by other means, notably through military dictatorship or coup d ' état, as often seen in Latin American, Middle Eastern and other presidential regimes.

The indirect election of the president through the electoral college conforms to the concept of republic as one with a system of indirect election.

According to the provisions of the Constitution, an indirect presidential election was held in July.

The president would be elected through indirect election by an elected body, and the term of presidency was extended to six years with no restrictions on reappointment.

In 1978, Park was elected to another term by indirect election, which was met with more demonstrations and protests.

In September of that year, Chun was elected president by indirect election and inaugurated in March of the following year, officially starting the 5th Republic.

However, the system of indirect election of president stayed and many military persons were appointed to highly ranked government positions, keeping the remnants of the Yushin era.

The project on the law envisions an indirect election of the mayor.

However, the Congress website says " In an indirect election, the number of candidates should exceed the number to be elected by 20 % to 50 %.

The authors of the Basic Law chose an indirect form of presidential election because they believed it would produce a head of state who was widely acceptable and yet at the same time insulated from public pressure and lacking in sufficient popular legitimacy to undermine other institutions of government.

The Electoral College is an example of an indirect election, consisting of 538 electors who officially elect the President and Vice President of the United States.

The Constitution and the amended Presidential Election Act of 1987 provide for election of the president by direct, secret ballot, ending sixteen years of indirect presidential elections under the preceding two governments.

The party also lost half of its senators in the 1974 indirect election to the Senate.

A state's primary election or caucus usually is an indirect election: instead of voters directly selecting a particular person running for President, it determines how many delegates each party's national convention will receive from their respective state.

The King of Spain nominates a candidate for the presidency who stands before the Congress of Deputies for a Vote of Confidence in a process known as a Congressional Investiture, effectively an indirect election of the head of government by the elected Congressional delegates.

During the Investiture proceedings the nominee presents his political agenda in an Investiture Speech to be debated and submitted for a Vote of Confidence ( Cuestión de confianza ) by the Congress, effecting an indirect election of the head of government.

Thus a system of indirect election arose for the Third Estate which became confirmed and subsequently continued to be used.

He ran for President in the 1996 election ( this time an indirect election with no popular vote ) and lost to Meri once again.

Although opinion polls showed that many Australians favoured becoming a republic, divisions emerged in the Movement between those who favoured indirect election of the President by Parliament, and those who favoured direct election by the people.

However, the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, especially if the president's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress.

But the campaign was defeated by a vote in Congress that rejected an amendment calling direct elections for next year, and, in 1985, a civilian president, Tancredo Neves, was elected by the same indirect procedure, with Lula's support.

In addition, an associate vice president of strategic communications has an indirect reporting line to the president with a direct reporting line to the senior associate vice president / chief of staff.

As part of the transaction, Bill Palmer was named president of the Applebee's Division, an indirect subsidiary of W. R. Grace and Company.

The Convention was divided into four philosophical groups: those wanting to retain Australia's existing constitutional monarchy, those wanting Australia to become a republic with a head of state chosen by the Parliament (" indirect electionists "), those wanting Australia to become a republic with a president elected by the people (" direct electionists "), and those having no fixed position or seeking a compromise between the other groups.

Until 2012, the office of president was filled following an indirect election by the Parliament of the Czech Republic.

His concerns as president ranged from resolution of the indirect cost dispute with the federal government to restoration of the campus after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to innovation in curriculum, programs, and physical plant.

The purpose was to ratify the Yushin Constitution of 1972, which ( a ) abolished direct vote for presidential election and replaced it with indirect voting system involving delegates, ( b ) alloted one third of the National Assembly seats to the president, ( c ) gave the president the authority to issue emergency decrees and suspend the Constitution, ( d ) gave the president the authority to appoint all judges and dismiss the National Assembly, and ( e ) repealed a term limit to presidency.

The Electoral College of the United States, whose task is to elect a president, is a form of indirect election.

* Napoleon plays an indirect yet important part in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Count of Monte Cristo the novel starts in 1815 with Napoleon exiled on the island of Elba, here we learn he hands a letter to the protagonist Edmond Dantes to give to one of his chief ( fictional ) supporters in Paris-Nortier De Villefort the president of a Bonapartist club.

However a three-year term limit was placed on the president, he was elected by popular vote instead of by an electoral college, and he was not allowed to run for direct re-election ( indirect was allowed ).

In January 1979, a new parliament was convened, chosen partly through indirect elections and partly through direct appointment by the king.

In parliament, New Democracy abstained from voting on the office of Prime Minister, and thus gave the four-party liberal-conservative government led by Carl Bildt its indirect support.

Four of the polls ( constitutional referendum ; communal, National Assembly and " Hills " elections ) were direct elections while two ( Senate and presidential elections ) were indirect, as they were chosen by communal councillors and the parliament, respectively.

But it must also be noted that he used several indirect means to obtain and support his authority with the people.

According to the E. J. Erickson the Greek Navy also played a crucial, albeit indirect role, in the Thracian campaign by neutralizing no less than three Thracian Corps ( see First Balkan War, the Bulgarian theater of operations ), a significant portion of the Ottoman Army there, in the all-important opening round of the war.

Some mixed economies, such as France under dirigisme, also featured a degree of indirect economic planning over a largely capitalist-based economy.

* indirect illumination — surfaces illuminated by light reflected off other surfaces, rather than directly from a light source ( also known as global illumination )

Similarly science fiction is another key influence, not only in the spaceship and the futuristic setting but also in several direct and indirect ways.

The Burrows – Wheeler transform can also be viewed as an indirect form of statistical modelling.

Transcendent force or power may also operate through more subtle and indirect paths.

The government led by Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, conferred the additional title upon her by an Act of Parliament, reputedly to assuage the monarch's irritation at being, as a mere Queen, notionally inferior to her own daughter ( Princess Victoria was the wife of the reigning German Emperor ); the Indian Imperial designation was also formally justified as the expression of Britain succeeding as paramount ruler of the subcontinent the former Mughal ' Padishah of Hind ', using indirect rule through hundreds of princely states formally under protection, not colonies, but accepting the British Sovereign as their suzerain.

They argue that the measure " heritability " includes both a direct effect of the genotype on IQ and also indirect effects such that the genotype changes the environment, thereby affecting IQ.

A German-style board game, also referred to as a Euro game or Euro-style game, is a class of tabletop games that generally have simple rules, short to medium playing times, indirect player interaction, and abstract physical components.

Such algorithms take into account not only the light which comes directly from a light source ( direct illumination ), but also subsequent cases in which light rays from the same source are reflected by other surfaces in the scene, whether reflective or not ( indirect illumination ).

He also set the complex back on the mesa overlooking the city, and designed the approaching road to be long, winding, and indirect.

Although normally used to imply forcible imposition of a more powerful foreign government's control on a weaker country, or over conquered territory that was previously without a unified government, " imperialism " is sometimes also used to describe loose or indirect political or economic influence or control of weak states by more powerful ones.

In most Marxist-Leninist states this has taken the form of directly electing representatives to fill positions, though in some states ; such as China, Cuba, and the former Yugoslavia ; this system also included indirect elections such as deputies being elected by deputies as the next lower level of government.

Young men considering emigration looked at not only the gap between higher hourly ' direct wages ' in the United States and Germany but also the differential in ' indirect wages ,' that is, social benefits, which favored staying in Germany.

Proof by contradiction is also known as indirect proof, apagogical argument, proof by assuming the opposite, and reductio ad impossibilem.

Like Enterprise, the new film ( which did contain an indirect reference to the series: Scotty believes he has been " exiled " to the remote Starfleet outpost, where Kirk and the older Spock encounter him, as punishment for losing Admiral Archer's beagle-whom Kirk is quite familiar with-in a transporter mishap ) also adopted a prequel concept, with a different approach.

Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect " corruption " of its representative by another party to the treaty.

In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad,, the Supreme Court ruled that ( 1 ) the Sixteenth Amendment removes the Pollock requirement that certain income taxes ( such as taxes on income " derived from real property " that were the subject of the Pollock decision ), be apportioned among the states according to population ; ( 2 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Fifth Amendment's prohibition against the government taking property without due process of law ; ( 3 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 requirement that excises, also known as indirect taxes, be imposed with geographical uniformity.

" State legislatures also retained the theoretical right to " instruct " their senators to vote for or against proposals, giving them both direct and indirect representation in the federal government.

Utilitarianism would also require the indirect impact of social acceptance of inhumane policies to be taken into consideration, and general anxiety and fear could increase for all if human rights are commonly ignored.

Thus, even with the multiple experiments dedicated to providing indirect evidence for the existence of cold dark matter, direct detection measurements are also necessary to solidify the theory of WIMPs.

Gibbs also had an indirect influence on mathematical economics.