The inference is overwhelming that Du Pont's commanding position was promoted by its stock interest and was not gained solely on competitive merit ''.

) Functionalism as a sociological credo is, therefore, not a direct consequence of observations, but rather an indirect consequence of philosophical inference and judgment.

The use of unit treatment additivity and randomization is similar to the design-based inference that is standard in finite-population survey sampling.

Thus, an axiom is an elementary basis for a formal logic system that together with the rules of inference define a deductive system.

This inference is supported by the date of the building of the 200 triremes for the war against Aegina on the advice of Themistocles, which is given in the Constitution of Athens as 483-482 BC.

Law is the rule which establish that a principle, provision, references, inference, observation, etc.

" It is commonly supposed that by jactus lapidum, Fitzstephen meant the game of bowls, but though it is possible that round stones may sometimes have been employed in an early variety of the game-and there is a record of iron bowls being used, though at a much later date, on festive occasions at Nairn ,-nevertheless the inference seems unwarranted.

In propositional logic, biconditional introduction is a valid rule of inference.

Biconditional elimination is the name of two valid rules of inference of propositional logic.

For some schools of Hinduism and Buddhism the received textual tradition is an epistemological category equal to perception and inference ( although this is not necessarily true for some other schools ).

A decision-theoretic justification of the use of Bayesian inference ( and hence of Bayesian probabilities ) was given by Abraham Wald, who proved that every admissible statistical procedure is either a Bayesian procedure or a limit of Bayesian procedures.

A possible inference is, that one can not be blamed for mistaken judgements if the motivation was to do good.

Conjunction introduction ( often abbreviated simply as conjunction ) is a valid rule of inference of propositional logic.

It is the inference that if the proposition p is true, and proposition q is true, then the logical conjunction of the two propositions p and q is true.

The inference of the question is that gays are not like other human beings ".

Experiments and computational models in Multimodal integration have shown that sensory input from different senses is integrated in a statistically optimal way, in addition, it appears that the kind of inferences used to infer single sources for multiple sensory inputs uses a Bayesian inference about the causal origin of the sensory stimuli.

" The contention is that this is a syllogistic inference, for it appears to require the extra premise: " Whatever has the property of thinking, exists ", a premise Descartes did not justify.

Solomonoff used this algorithm, and the code lengths it allows, to define a " universal probability " of a string on which inductive inference of the subsequent digits of the string can be based.

In the United States, the Fifth Amendment has been interpreted to prohibit a jury from drawing a negative inference based on the defendant's invocation of his right not to testify, and the jury must be so instructed if the defendant requests.

The use of Bayesian probabilities as the basis of Bayesian inference has been supported by several arguments, such as the Cox axioms, the Dutch book argument, arguments based on decision theory and de Finetti's theorem.

" More precisely, it is " the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference.

Early, most logical positivists proposed that all knowledge is based on logical inference from simple " protocol sentences " grounded in observable facts.

" " Holmesian deduction " appears to consist primarily of drawing inferences based on either straightforward practical principles — which are the result of careful observation, such as Holmes's study of different kinds of cigar ashes — or inference to the best explanation.

The popularly held beliefs that Satan was once a prideful angel who eventually rebels against God, however, are not portrayed explicitly in the Bible and are mostly based on inference ( e. g., Ezekiel 28 and Isaiah 14: 12 – 17 ).

Around 1960, Ray Solomonoff founded the theory of universal inductive inference, the theory of prediction based on observations ; for example, predicting the next symbol based upon a given series of symbols.

Induction is a form of inference producing propositions about unobserved objects or types, either specifically or generally, based on previous observation.

Solomonoff's Inductive inference is the theory of prediction based on observations ; for example, predicting the next symbol based upon a given series of symbols.

There is also an inference based on the Talmud ( Sanh.

Inference can also be classified into 3 types: Purvavat ( inferring an unperceived effect from a perceived cause ), Sheshavat ( inferring an unperceived cause from a perceived effect ) and Samanyatodrishta ( when inference is not based on causation but on uniformity of co-existence ).

This is based on inference from the political situation of the time.

The establishment of an order is based on the inference that the virus families contained within a single order have most likely evolved from a common ancestor.

From 1913 to 1949 the chronology appears to be based on material that can be confirmed by primary documents, independent witnesses, cross-references, and reasonable inference.

Bayesian inference is based on the posterior distribution.

This association may be based on inference, love, solidarity, regular business interactions, or some other type of social commitment.

# Generalizing about the properties of a class of objects based on some number of observations of particular instances of that class ( for example, the inference that " all swans we have seen are white, and therefore all swans are white ," before the discovery of black swans ) or

It has been conjectured that Salvian paid a visit to Carthage ; but this is a mere inference based on the minute details he gives of the state of this city just before its fall to the Vandals ( De gub.

Our knowledge about that common tradition, however, is based almost entirely on inference from surviving poetry.

It must be remembered that divergence dates inferred using a molecular clock are based on statistical inference and not on direct evidence.

In logic, a rule of inference, inference rule, or transformation rule is the act of drawing a conclusion based on the form of premises interpreted as a function which takes premises, analyses their syntax, and returns a conclusion ( or conclusions ).

Men, trees, automobiles, houses, and so on -- objects continually confronted in everyday life -- had each its characteristic blot-appearance and became easily recognizable, at the very beginning of tracing, by an inference as to what each was.

Further efforts were made for the diagnoses to be purely descriptive, although the introductory text stated that for at least some disorders, " particularly the Personality Disorders, the criteria require much more inference on the part of the observer " ( p. xxiii ).

The inference engine is a computer program designed to produce a reasoning on rules.

Depending on the particular formalism adopted for the calculus, it may be seen as a simple application of a " functional substitution " rule of inference, as in Gödel's paper, or it may be proved by considering the formal proof of, replacing in it all occurrences of Q by some other formula with the same free variables, and noting that all logical axioms in the formal proof remain logical axioms after the substitution, and all rules of inference still apply in the same way.

Additionally, on re-direct, an interrogator will often ask questions which specifically seek to elicit whether an inference resulting from questioning on cross examinations is accurate.

** Ethical intuitionism, on the other hand, is the view according to which some moral truths can be known without inference.

Therefore, when a merger with a controlling stockholder was: 1 ) negotiated and approved by a special committee of independent directors ; and 2 ) conditioned on an affirmative vote of a majority of the minority stockholders, the business judgment standard of review should presumptively apply, and any plaintiff ought to have to plead particularized facts that, if true, support an inference that, despite the facially fair process, the merger was tainted because of fiduciary wrongdoing .″

This article, however, focuses on the interpretations of probability rather than theories of statistical inference.

Calvinists who hold the infralapsarian view of predestination usually prefer that term to " sublapsarianism ," perhaps with the intent of blocking the inference that they believe predestination is on the basis of foreknowledge ( sublapsarian meaning, assuming the fall into sin ).

An observer ’ s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference.

Not so much a philosophy or a theology as a method of learning, scholasticism places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference, and to resolve contradictions.