In the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text.

A party history pamphlet went so far as to state that the party needed to eliminate " the incorrect, un-Marxist interpretation of the role of the individual in history, which is expressed in propaganda by the idealist theory of the cult of personality, which is alien to Marxism ".

This interpretation of hypnosis is particularly relevant to understanding stage hypnosis in which there is clearly strong peer pressure to comply with a socially constructed role by performing accordingly on a theatrical stage.

This interpretation is not fully provable ; however, the motivating role of ambition for Macbeth is universally recognised.

Macready's most famous Lady Macbeth was Helena Faucit, who debuted dismally in the role while still in her mid-20s, but who later achieved acclaim in the role for an interpretation that, unlike Siddons ', accorded with contemporary notions of female decorum.

This self-perception plays a critical role in one's interpretation of meaning.

The council sought to revive the central role of Scripture in the theological and devotional life of the Church, building upon the work of earlier popes in crafting a modern approach to Scriptural analysis and interpretation.

Simon Callow discusses his interpretation of the role in his autobiography, Being an Actor.

The difficulty in interpretation centres around trying to explain why, since it is consequences that matter, intentions should play a role in the assessment of the morality of an action but motives should not.

* 1075: the Investiture Controversy is sparked when Pope Gregory VII asserted in the Dictatus papae extended rights granted to the pope ( disturbing the balance of power ) and new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself.

His basis for advancing the multiregional interpretation of human evolution derives from his disbelief in punctuated equilibrium ( the idea that changes occur when new species are formed and only rarely are slowly and gradually accumulated during the stable periods between speciations ) as an accurate model for Pleistocene humanity, noting that speciation played a role earlier in human evolution.

Philip Burton arrived at Stratford to help coach his former charge, and he noted in his memoir that Quayle and Richard Burton had their differences about the interpretation of the Prince Hal role.

In particular the role of the anterior cingulate cortex is in the interpretation of how a stimulus affects a person rather than its actual physical intensity.

By abuse of language, a bare instrumentalist description could be referred to as an interpretation, although this usage is somewhat misleading since instrumentalism explicitly avoids any explanatory role ; that is, it does not attempt to answer the question why.

The author argues that it avoids the philosophical problems with the Copenhagen interpretation and the role of the observer, and resolves various quantum paradoxes.

In addition, photoperiodism, the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night, is vital to both plants and animals, and the circadian system plays a role in the measurement and interpretation of day length.

The mercantilists have divided opinions about Article 9 although the interpretation is broadened to include the SDF, and believe that the SDF ’ s role should be retained to activities related to the United Nations and for non-combat purposes.

Taking a role originally played on stage by Tallulah Bankhead, Davis felt Bankhead's original interpretation was appropriate and followed Hellman's intent, but Wyler wanted her to soften the character.

The BBC said in a letter to Thompson that his " interpretation of the role was inappropriate ".

Although it was still a risk giving Cagney the starring role, his distinctive interpretation of the character, especially his machine-gun speaking style, was now technically feasible.

Although he recognized the value of Mao's interpretation of Marxism in inciting the Chinese peasants and labourers to revolution, Chen opposed Mao's rejection of the strong role of the bourgeoisie that Chen had hoped to achieve.

Adjani first gained fame as a classical actress for her interpretation of Agnès, the main female role in Molière's L ' École des femmes, but soon left the Comédie française she had joined in 1972, to pursue a film career.

Subsequently, Paul Franz replaced Fontaine in the protagonist's role, earning the composer's praise for both the quality of his voice and his interpretation.

What had been praised during Clarkson's tenure, however, was soon critiqued when it was revealed that into Jean's appointment, Rideau Hall's interpretation and exhibition planner, Fabienne Fusade, was removing from sight the portraits of Canada's past and present sovereigns and other members of the Royal Family, in order to fulfill Jean's wish to make the royal residence a showcase for Canadian art and give " a strong image of Canada "; the portrait by Jean Paul Lemieux of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh that had for decades dominated the focal wall of the ballroom was shifted to the rear wall, thereby bumping the copy of George Hayter's state portrait of Queen Victoria that had hung there to the Tent Room, where the portraits of Canada's British governors general had been collected together.

On 26 June 1999, in line with the request of the HKSAR Government, the NPCSC issued its interpretation which makes it clear that children born outside Hong Kong will be eligible for the right of abode only if at least one of their parents has already acquired permanent residence status at the time of their birth.

In particular, the interpretation of the 3 year ( 1, 095 day ) residence requirement enacted by the 1977 Citizenship Act, which does not define the term " residence " and, further, prohibits an appeal of a Federal Court decision in a citizenship matter to the Federal Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court, has " led to a great deal of mischief and agony "

The interpretation that this was a permanent residence for hunter-gatherers is supported by analysis that Howick is a place where natural resources would have allowed all year round occupation.

The modernist interpretation of nationalism and nation-building perceives that nationalism arises and flourishes in modern societies described as being associated with having: an industrial economy capable of self-sustainability of the society, a central supreme authority capable of maintaining authority and unity, and a centralized language or small group of centralized languages understood by a community of people.

Regarding John G. Cramer ’ s transactional interpretation, Kastner ( 2010 ) " proposed that in order to preserve the elegance and economy of the interpretation, it may be necessary to consider offer and confirmation waves as propagating in a “ higher space ” of possibilities.

Another interpretation is that the risk free rate is the compensation that would be demanded by a representative investor holding a representative market portfolio, comprising all the assets in the economy, ( i. e. the risk free rate is the compensation for systemic risk which cannot be eliminated by holding a diversified portfolio.

Since the 19th century, when Karl Marx presented the theory of commodity fetishism, in Section 4, " The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof ", of the first chapter of Capital: Critique of Political Economy ( 1867 ), the constituent concepts of the theory, and their sociologic and economic explanations, have proved intellectually fertile propositions that permit the application of the theory ( interpretation, development, adaptation ) to the study, examination, and analysis of other cultural aspects of the political economy of capitalism, such as:

It is considered a pre-requisite to a strict service economy interpretation of ( fictional, national, legal ) " commodity " and " product " relationships.

It is considered a pre-requisite to a strict service economy interpretation of ( fictional, national, legal ) " commodity " and " product " relationships.

Political economy professor Michael Lebowitz has developed the Marxian interpretation of needs further in two editions of his book Beyond Capital.

On the Court, Roberts was a swing vote between those, led by Justices Louis Brandeis, Benjamin Cardozo, and Harlan Fiske Stone, as well as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, who would allow a broader interpretation of the Commerce Clause to allow Congress to pass New Deal legislation that would provide for a more active federal role in the national economy, and the Four Horsemen ( Justices James Clark McReynolds, Pierce Butler, George Sutherland, and Willis Van Devanter ) who favored a narrower interpretation of the Commerce Clause and believed that the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause protected a strong " liberty of contract.

Modern judicial interpretation has allowed the federal government to have a much greater influence over the economy.

As claims about the impact of civil society in the democratization process was put forward by the political economy approaches, the post-positivist interpretation stresses the importance to consider the interplay between culture, identity and discourse in framing Middle East politics.

A moral economy, in one interpretation, is an economy that is based on goodness, fairness, and justice.

The exact procedures adopted for " grossing and netting " flows of income, expenditures and products always reflect a theory or interpretation of the social character of the economy.

" Critics of this interpretation argue that the Soviet economy was, in reality, rather autarkic ( self-sufficient ), that foreign trade was state-directed and played a comparatively small role in the economy as a whole, and that the foreign transactions were often non-commercial ( often a form of barter, subsidized transfers or counter-trade ).

Impossibilism is a theory and strategy for bringing about socialism and an interpretation of Marxism that stresses the limited value of political, economic and social reforms within a capitalist economy.