In 1947 and 1948 the necessity of massive coordinated efforts to achieve economic recovery led to the formation of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to supervise and coordinate the uses of American aid under the Marshall Plan.

Ambrose was the only Father of the Church to leave behind so many writings on the subject and his attentions naturally enough led to the formation of communities which later became formal monasteries of women.

Longshore drift has deposited sediment along the shoreline which has led to the formation of a spit ( landform ) | spit, Sinemorets, Bulgaria

Later reactivation of faults at the base of the formation led to its disintegration from about.

Olson's support in 1991 of Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas led to the formation of the Independent Women's Forum.

The Barcelonnette region was populated by Ligures from the first millenium BC onwards, and the arrival of the Celts several centuries later led to the formation of a mixed Celto-Ligurian people, the Vesubians.

Miltiades ordered the two tribes that were forming the center of the Greek formation, the Leontis tribe led by Themistocles and the Antiochis tribe led by Aristides, to be arranged in the depth of four ranks while the rest of the tribes at their flanks were in ranks of eight.

The growth of the population of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient empires concentrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever greater capital cities and centres of commerce and industry, with Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia of the Hellenistic civilization, Pataliputra ( now Patna ) in India, Chang ' an ( now Xi ' an ) in China, Carthage, ancient Rome, its eastern successor Constantinople ( later Istanbul ).

Calcium isotope fractionation during mineral formation has led to several applications of calcium isotopes.

With what can crudely be summed up as a clash of ideologies between an expansion of ITV's commercial ethos and a public service approach more akin to the BBC, it was ultimately something of a compromise that eventually led to the formation of Channel 4 as launched in 1982.

Until the formation of a national council in 1961, supporters and local groups had no formal voice in the national organisation, which until then had been led by the self-appointed executive committee.

For example, the formation of the modern states of Germany and Italy in the 19th century is closely associated with the wars of expansion and consolidation led by Prussia and Sardinia, respectively.

This has led to the formation of detailed " dosing schemes " in most hospitals, which give guidance on the correct dose and adjustment in case of toxicity.

Tamari claims that wars, such as the Sosso-Malinke war described in the Sunjata epic, led to the formation of blacksmith and bard castes among the people that ultimately became the Mali empire.

The elimination of central control over production decisions, especially in the consumer goods sector, led to the breakdown in traditional supplier − producer relationships without contributing to the formation of new ones.

Following World War I, an upsurge of political consciousness throughout the Caribbean led to the formation of the representative government association.

Independence did little to solve problems stemming from centuries of economic underdevelopment, and in mid-1979, political discontent led to the formation of an interim government, led by Oliver Seraphin.

Removal of the forests led to decreased transpiration, resulting in the formation of upland peat bogs.

A resulting schism over the legitimacy of these changes led to the formation of the Restoration Branches movement, the Restoration Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and the Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

The formation of the Latin League led by Laevius ( or Baebius ) Egerius happened under the influence of an alliance with the tyrant of Cuma Aristodemos and is probably connected to the political events at end of the 6th century narrated by Livy and Dionysius, such as the siege of Aricia by Porsenna's son Arruns.

Political developments, including the formation and growth of the Tanganyika African National Union ( TANU ), led to Tanganyika attaining independence from colonial rule in December 1961.

European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Legal setbacks led to the formation of the Green Mountain Boys, whom Allen led in a campaign of intimidation and property destruction to drive New York settlers from the Grants.

In the courts of Versailles and Madrid, Vienna's fall was confidently anticipated, an event which would almost certainly have led to the collapse of the Grand Alliance.

This coalition, led by Laurent-Desire Kabila, became known as the Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre ( AFDL ).

The establishment of the Dual Alliance led Russia to take a more conciliatory stance, and in 1887, the so-called Reinsurance Treaty was signed between Germany and Russia: in it, the two powers agreed on mutual military support in the case that France attacked Germany, or in case of an Austrian attack on Russia.

In an effort to isolate Germany, France went to great pains to woo Russia and the United Kingdom to its side, first by means of the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894, then the 1904 Entente Cordiale with the U. K, and finally the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907 which became the Triple Entente and eventually led Russia and the UK to enter World War I as Allies.

The United Iraqi Alliance, tacitly backed by Shia Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, led with some 48 % of the vote.

The election set against two new parties, the Democratic Party ( founded in October 2007 by the union of the Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy ) led by Walter Veltroni, and The People of Freedom ( federation of Forza Italia, National Alliance and other parties ) led by Silvio Berlusconi.

The prospect of ministerial government and the creation of an executive and opposition, led to the formation of two political parties – the Jersey Democratic Alliance and the Centre Party – in preparation for the 2005 elections.

At the 2005 general elections, the MLP led Alliance Sociale coalition won the elections and Navin Ramgoolam became Prime Minister while Sir Anerood Jugnauth remained the president.

Some groups also sprang up including the National Union for Liberation led by John Osmena and Diosdado Macapagal, the Mindanao Alliance, the Muslim Federal Party, the Pusyon Bisaya, and the Young Philippines.

In 1853, inspired by the Maine law in the USA, the United Kingdom Alliance led by John Bartholomew Gough was formed aimed at promoting a similar law prohibiting the sale of alcohol in the UK.

Current politics in Sri Lanka is a contest between two rival coalitions led by the centre-leftist and progressivist United People's Freedom Alliance ( UPFA ), an offspring of Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( SLFP ), and the comparatively right-wing and pro-capitalist United National Party ( UNP ).

They were led by Helle Thorning-Schmidt, and had the Red-Green Alliance as a supporting party.

The main challenger to the ANC's rule is the Democratic Alliance, led by Helen Zille, which received 16. 66 % of the vote in the 2009 election and 24. 1 % of the popular vote in the 2011 election.

Armed opposition to the Sandinista Government eventually divided into two main groups: The Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense ( FDN ), a U. S. supported army formed in 1981 by the CIA, U. S. State Department, and former members of the widely condemned Somoza-era Nicaraguan National Guard ; and the Alianza Revolucionaria Democratica ( ARDE ) Democratic Revolutionary Alliance, a group that had existed since before the FSLN and was led by Sandinista founder and former FSLN supreme commander, Edén Pastora, a. k. a. " Commander Zero ".

In mid-2008, the People's Alliance for Democracy ( PAD ) led large protests against the government of Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej, whom they criticized for his ties to former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra.

This led to the Grand Alliance Pyrrhic victory at the Battle of Malplaquet ( 1709 ) and a Two Crowns victory at the Battle of Villaviciosa ( 1710 ).

* September 19 – Polish parliamentary election, 1993: A coalition of the Democratic Left Alliance and the Polish People's Party led by Waldemar Pawlak comes into power.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Castro led Cuba into its economic " Special Period ", before taking the country into the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas in 2006 and forging alliances with other nations in the Latin American " Pink Tide ".

* July 29 – War of the Grand Alliance: The Dutch-English army led by King William III of England is defeated by the French at the Battle of Landen.

Disputes between " nationalist " and " liberals " wings of the party resulted in a split, with the founding of a new liberal party called the Alliance for the Future of Austria ( BZÖ ) and led by Jörg Haider.

The other opposition parties, the Party for Democratic Renewal ( PRD ) led by the former Prime Minister Adrien Houngbedji and the Alliance Etoile ( AE ), joined the government coalition.

The Danish claim was strong ; they had the benefit of the Treaty of Alliance and Commerce of 1670 between Britain and Denmark, which led to the founding of the Danish West India Company in 1671 which its charter permitted it to take possession of and occupy the two islands.

However, the Alliance failure to win more than the two seats in Ontario, along with residual resentments from the Alliance leadership contest and questions about Stockwell Day's competence, led to caucus infighting.