Beginning in 1906, Pennsylvania conservationist Major Israel McCreight of Du Bois, Pennsylvania argued that President Theodore Roosevelt ’ s conservation speeches were limited to businessmen in the lumber industry and recommended a campaign of youth education and a national policy on conservation education.

The report argued that the Soviet Union had a systematic strategy aimed at the spread of communism across the entire world, and it recommended that the United States government adopt a policy of containment to stop the further spread of Soviet power.

It is argued that an independent central bank can run a more credible monetary policy, making market expectations more responsive to signals from the central bank.

In 1930, Ronald Syme argued a complete reassessment of Domitian's financial policy, which had until then been largely viewed as a disaster, opening his paper with the following introduction:

But foreign policy scholars such as Eric Nordlinger in his book Isolationism Reconfigured have argued that " A vision of Finlandization in America's absence runs up squarely against the European states ' long-standing Communist antipathies and wariness of Moscow's peaceful wiles, valued national traditions and strong democratic institutions, as well as their size and wherewithal.

William Dusinberre has argued that Polk's diary, which he kept during his presidency, was written for later publication, and does not represent Polk's policy.

One recent scholar, Robin Bush, even argued that the Jutes of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight became victims of a policy of ethnic cleansing by the West Saxons, although this has been the subject of debate amongst academics, with the counter-claim that only the aristocracy might have been wiped out.

He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S. S. R. Recognising the People's Republic of China soon after its founding ( while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China ), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea.

Besides converting the Anti-Comintern Pact into an anti-British military alliance, Ribbentrop argued that German foreign policy should work to " furthermore, winning over all states whose interests conform directly or indirectly to ours ".

The German historian Klaus Hildebrand argued that besides Hitler's foreign policy programme, there were three other factions within the Nazi Party who had alternative foreign policy programmes, whom Hildebrand dubbed the agrarians, the revolutionary socialists, and the Wilhelmine Imperialists.

Another German diplomatic historian, Wolfgang Michalka argued that there was a fourth alternative Nazi foreign policy programme, and that was Ribbentrop's concept of a Euro-Asiatic bloc comprising the four totalitarian states of Germany, the Soviet Union, Italy and Japan.

He had already argued for " de-Bolshevization " of Soviet foreign policy ( though he still favored traditional terror methods as necessary to control domestic power ).

The Communication Workers Union claimed the actual figure was closer to three times more expensive but argued that this was the result of a deliberate policy of running the railway down and using it at only one-third of its capacity.

They argued that the different policy views were not related to views on whether raising the minimum wage would reduce teen employment ( the median economist said there would be a reduction of 1 %), but on value differences such as income redistribution.

Though opposed to the existence of the Federal Reserve, Friedman argued that, given that it does exist, a steady, small expansion of the money supply was the only wise policy.

In an essay appearing in the 14 May 2007 issue of Newsweek, business columnist Robert J. Samuelson argued that China was pursuing an essentially mercantilist trade policy that threatened to undermine the post-World War II international economic structure.

Also in March 1947, former U. S. President Herbert Hoover, in one of his reports from Germany, argued for a change in U. S. occupation policy, amongst other things stating:

He argued that monetary policy was ineffective because there was limited demand for funds while firms paid down their liabilities.

However, Krugman argued that monetary policy could also affect savings behavior, as inflation or credible promises of future inflation ( generating negative real interest rates ) would encourage less savings.

" Clement Attlee's biographer argued that this policy " contributed enormously to the defeat of childhood illnesses resulting from bad diet.

Studying the events of several American policy " disasters " such as the failure to anticipate the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ( 1941 ) and the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco ( 1961 ), Irving Janis argued that they were due to the cohesive nature of the committees that made the relevant decisions.

While some argued that it went against Sweden's historic policy of neutrality, where Sweden had not joined during the Cold War because it was seen as incompatible with neutrality, others viewed the move as a natural extension of the economic cooperation that had been going on since 1972 with the EU.

A 13th century depiction of Bernard of Clairvaux, with whom Stephen argued over ecclesiastical policy

As Washington's Secretary of State ( 1790 – 1793 ), Jefferson argued with Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, about national fiscal policy, especially the funding of the debts of the war.

Foot resigned in 1938 after the paper's first editor, William Mellor, was fired for refusing to adopt a new CP policy of backing a Popular Front, including non-socialist parties, against fascism and appeasement.

In response to the growing threat of fascism in the 1930s, Communist parties that were members of the Comintern ( then largely under the control of Joseph Stalin ) adopted a policy of forming broad alliances with almost any political party willing to oppose the fascists.

" British Communists, following the Party line defined by Joseph Stalin, argued that appeasement had been a pro-fascist policy and that the British ruling class would have preferred fascism to socialism.

The September 11 attacks strengthened his internationalist embrace of an interventionist foreign policy, and his vociferous criticism of what he called " fascism with an Islamic face.

During the 1930s the party experienced some growth, particularly after 1935 when the Comintern changed its policy in favour of a " united front against fascism.

It also caused a major reversal of policy on the part of the Comintern as unity was sought with any and every force opposed to fascism.

At the same time, a Comintern congress in Moscow adopted a policy towards a popular front against fascism and directed Communist movements around the world to collaborate with anti-fascist forces regardless of their orientation towards socialism.

Mellor was fired in 1938 for refusing to adopt a new CP policy — which was supported by Cripps — of backing a Popular Front, including non-socialist parties, against fascism and appeasement ; Foot resigned in solidarity.

Cripps was an early advocate of a United Front against the rising threat of fascism and he opposed an appeasement policy towards Nazi Germany.

Alexander had been warning of the dangers posed by fascism for several years, and criticised the government's policy of appeasement.

Still a public figure, he was a critical of the National Government's policy of appeasement and in 1937 he called for the state control of the arms industry and rapid rearmament to face the growing threat of fascism on the continent.

It also campaigned for a separate black nation in the South, one of the CPUSA's principal tenets in the early 1930s, and against police brutality, the Italian occupation of Ethiopia and Jim Crow laws, while also advocating a more general policy of opposition to fascism and support for the Soviet Union.

This new radical phase was paralleled by the formulation of a new doctrine in the International, that of the so-called Third Period, an ultra-left switch in policy, which argued that social democracy, whatever shape it took, was a form of social fascism, socialist in theory but fascist in practice.

All foreign Communist parties – increasingly agents of Soviet policy – were to concentrate their efforts in a struggle against their rivals in the working-class movement, ignoring the threat of real fascism.

It also campaigned for a separate black nation in the South and against police brutality and Jim Crow laws, while also advocating a more general policy of opposition to fascism and support for the Soviet Union.

In opposition to the declaration of the Spanish Communist Party ( PCE ) last month, which was pro-parliamentary democracy and against social revolution, the anarchist CNT declares that " revolution must go on " and that such a policy constitutes the greatest strength against fascism.

Stalin also came to dominance over Comintern, and introduced a policy in the international organisation of opposing all leftists who were not Marxists, labelling them to be " social-fascists ", although many communists, such as Jules Humbert-Droz and Angelo Tasca, disagreed with him on this policy, believing that the left should unite against the rise of right wing movements like fascism across Europe.

" Author Karen Armstrong sees a potential for fascism in Christian Reconstructionism, and claims that the system of dominion envisaged by Christian Reconstructionist theologians R. J. Rushdoony and Gary North is totalitarian: " There is no room for any other view or policy, no democratic tolerance for rival parties, no individual freedom.

After the rise of fascism in 1922, a policy of Italianization in the area was implemented ruthlessly.

With the rise of the fascism a centralization policy was carried out.

Due to Alternative Greens policy of publishing articles from across the political spectrum, the remaining Green Anarchist staff constantly accused Hunt of supporting fascism and a red-green-brown alliance, while British left-anarchist writer Stewart Home accused both Alternative Green and Green Anarchist of supporting ecofascism.

The American Trotskyist Hal Draper used " neo-Stalinism " in 1948 to refer to a new political ideologynew development in Soviet policy, which he defined as a reactionary trend whose beginning was associated with the Popular Front period of the mid-1930s, writing that " The ideologists of neo-Stalinism are merely the tendrils shot ahead by the phenomena – fascism and Stalinism – which outline the social and political form of a neo-barbarism ”