However, Hanyu Pinyin has been gaining ground as the international standard for Chinese romanization.

* Portugal: Although surrounded by other lands and people, the Portuguese nation has occupied the same territory since the romanization or latinization of the native population during the Roman era.

However, the use of apostrophes preserves b, d, g, and j for the romanization of Chinese languages containing voiced consonants, such as Shanghainese ( which has a full set of voiced consonants ) and Min Nan ( Hō-ló-oē ) whose century-old Pe ̍ h-ōe-jī ( POJ, often called Missionary Romanization ) is similar to Wade – Giles.

Hepburn is based on English phonology and has competed with the alternative Nihon-shiki romanization, which was developed in Japan as a replacement of Japanese script.

Each romanization has its own set of rules for pronunciation of the romanized words.

While romanization has taken various and at times seemingly unstructured forms, some sets of rules do exist:

* Yale ( 1942 ): This system has become the established standard romanization for Korean among linguists.

The change has been either ignored or grandfathered in some cases, notably the romanization of names and existing companies.

Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China, its displacement of the ROC in the United Nations in 1972, and the adoption of Pinyin as the international standard in 1982 by the ISO, the system has gradually been replaced by pinyin for Han Chinese location names and SASM / GNC romanization for ethnic minority language location names, which is now almost universally accepted.

Because Tongyong has not been adopted for language learning in Taiwan's schools, most natives of Taiwan continue to use other romanization methods ( usually modified Wade-Giles systems ).

Although tonal spelling has been adopted as part of the normal romanization of a number of Asian languages ( e. g. Hmong ), all such systems indicate different tones in a simple and consistent fashion by adding letters to the end of a syllable ( e. g. in Hmong ,-b indicates high tone ,-s indicates low tone ,-j indicates high-falling tone, etc .).

* Yale ( 1942 ): This system has become the established standard romanization for Korean among linguists.

Among the major romanization systems for Japanese, Nippon-shiki is the most regular, and has a one-to-one relation to the kana writing systems.

In practice, Nippon-shiki has been largely supplanted by Hepburn romanization.

Because it has unique forms corresponding to each of the respective pairs of kana homophones listed above, it is the only formal system of romanization that can allow lossless (" round trip ") mapping, although the standard does not mandate the precise spellings needed to distinguish ô 王 / おう, ou 追う / おう and oo おお, so it is not completely lossless.

" de " is also a common romanization of the Japanese word for " by ", so there is potential for sites to exploit this (" bus. de / ryoko " being travel by bus ), but this has not been widely adopted.

Because of its comprehensive scope, authority, and widespread availability, the Encyclopaedia Judaica has been recommended by the Library of Congress and by the Association of Jewish Libraries for use in determining the authoritative romanization of names of Jewish authors.

Kunrei-shiki romanization is widely taught in Japanese primary schools, so it has been called the Monbu-shō system after the predecessor of MEXT.

In contrast to romanization, there have been several historical proposals for a native Ukrainian Latin alphabet, usually based on those used by West Slavic languages, but none has caught on.

One conversion method has been standardized as JIS X 4063: 2000 ( Keystroke to KANA Transfer Method Using Latin Letter Key for Japanese Input Method ); however, the standard explicitly states that it is intended as a means of input, not as a method of romanization.

Since then, the romanization system has been extended to the names of local Chinese, which gives romanized Hong Kong Chinese names a distinctive character.

MBC has had a jingle since 1969:, " MBC ... Munhwa Bangsong " in romanization and " MBC ... Munhwa Broadcasting " in English ; it was also used in 1994 for the silver anniversary of MBC-TV.

The ISO 9 standard, in its 1995 version, has introduced another romanization system that works with a consistent one-to-one reversible mapping, resorting to rare diacritic combinations such as < â, û, ŝ >.

This dictionary represents the first major reference work in POJ, although the romanization within was quite different from the modern system, and has been dubbed Early Church Romanization by one scholar of the subject.

Qi (; spelled qì in Pinyin romanization and ch ' i4 in Wade-Giles ) or ki ( in Japanese romanization ), is a fundamental concept of traditional Chinese culture.

* The Hepburn romanization system of Japanese, for example, kōtsū (, ) " traffic " as opposed to kotsu (, ) " bone " or " knack ".

* In modernized Hepburn romanization of Japanese, an n with macron represents a syllabic n.

Due to vagaries in the romanization of Japanese, publishers may transcribe 少女 ( written しょうじょ in hiragana ) in a wide variety of ways.

Ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba ; in Chinese and Japanese 銀杏, pinyin romanization: yín xìng, Hepburn romanization: ichō or ginnan ), also spelled gingko and known as the Maidenhair Tree, is a unique species of tree with no close living relatives.

* Ku ( kana ), romanization of the Japanese kana く and ク

** A romanization of the Japanese kana れ and レ

* The romanization of the Japanese word 餡, meaning red bean paste

For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana syllables with 100 % accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation.

The popular Hepburn romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers.

As an example, consider the Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization zyûzyutu may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables, but most native English speakers or rather readers would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, jūjutsu.

is a Japanese romanization system, i. e. a system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet.

The Japanese government generally uses Hepburn, including the romanization of Japanese names on passports, road signage and train signage.

( Incidentally " Kekkonshiki " is the romanization of the Japanese word for " Marriage Ceremony " 結婚式.

Some problems relate to transliteration and romanization, some to character encoding, and some to the input of Japanese text. A Japanese kana keyboard.

In some 19th-century publications, Yijing's name may appear as I Tsing, following an antiquated method of Chinese romanization.

Although not as popular as other Cantonese romanization schemes such as Yale Romanization, Cantonese Pinyin, and Jyutping, it is still used in certain publications, particularly in works released in the People's Republic of China regarding Cantonese.