Changes can also be caused by natural events such as a large meteor hitting Earth and selective breeding ( artificial selection ) of plants by humans for specific traits.

Therefore the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication, and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.

Venires must represent a fair cross-section of the community ; the defendant may establish that the requirement was violated by showing that the allegedly excluded group is a " distinctive " one in the community, that the representation of such a group in venires is unreasonable and unfair in regard to the number of persons belonging to such a group, and that the under-representation is caused by a systematic exclusion in the selection process.

This distribution is now thought to have been caused by recent natural selection favoring lactase persistant individuals in cultures that rely on dairy products.

His selection for the team caused some controversy in Russia at the time, as he was only sixteen years old and had not yet been awarded the grandmaster title, but his selection was supported by Garry Kasparov.

Two independent variants of the APOL1 gene found in African haplotypes carrying signatures of natural selection have been shown to confer protection against the acute version of sleeping sickness caused by T. b. rhodesiense, while at the same time increasing risk of kidney disease when inherited from both parents.

His selection caused consternation in the Cologne cathedral chapter, the clerics assisting the archbishop.

The rejection of the 1938 portrait of Eliot by the selection committee of the Royal Academy for their annual exhibition caused a furore, with front-page headlines prompted by the resignation of Augustus John in protest.

Economists distinguish moral hazard from adverse selection, another problem that arises in the insurance industry, which is caused by hidden information rather than hidden actions.

This initially caused discussion in the media with some accusing the all-female selection as an overt act of political correction — after an all-male shortlist in 1996.

The difference in size is believed to be caused by natural selection for a large female size due to a fecundity advantage.

Garner ’ s selection caused quite a stir amongst many Iraqis.

Loss of sporulation ability in a bacterium during laboratory evolution appears to have been caused by mutation bias, rather than natural selection against the cost of maintaining sporulation ability.

He intended to keep his children at Westminster if selected, which caused the local selection panel to drop him from the selection procedure.

The selection, by W. H. Auden, of Ashbery's first collection, Some Trees, later caused some controversy.

* neutralism-belief that changes in evolution are caused by random mutation rather than by natural selection.

However, reductions in genome size specially in parasites and symbionts can also be caused by direct selection to get rid of genes that have become unnecessary.

Attrition bias is a kind of selection bias caused by attrition ( loss of participants ), discounting trial subjects / tests that did not run to completion.

According to neutral theory of molecular evolution: " at the molecular level most evolutionary change is caused by random drift of gene mutants that are equivalent in the face of selection.

Tinbergen suggested that this prey selection was caused by an attentional bias that improved detection of one type of insect while suppressing detection of others.

The Price equation can partition variance caused by natural selection at the individual level and the group level, and individual level selection generally causes greater effects.

There is some indication from a limited number of interviews with members of the population that the element of power, primarily the voluntary influence of non-authoritative power, has been exerted on actors in the system, particularly in regard to mate selection.

It has controversially been argued by some evolutionary scientists such as E. O. Wilson that natural selection can act at the level of non-kin groups to produce adaptations that benefit a non-kin group even if these adaptions are detrimental at the individual level.

Thus, while altruistic persons may under some circumstances be outcompeted by less altruistic persons at the individual level, according to group selection theory the opposite may occur at the group level where groups consisting of the more altruistic persons may outcompete groups consisting of the less altruistic persons.

Abd al-Rahman and a small selection of his family fled Damascus, where the center of Umayyad power had been ; people moving with him include his brother Yahiya, his four-year old son Sulayman, and some of his sisters, as well as his former Greek slave ( a freedman ), Bedr.

Ramsey had already cleared out some of the older players who had been reliant on the loyalty of the committee for their continued selection – it was well known that decorum on the pitch at club level had been just as big a factor in playing for England as ability and form.

A representative selection, including the most important pieces, are on display in 13 galleries and total some 4500 objects.

; Dennett's reply from natural selection: Suppose that, by some mutation, a human being is born that does not have Searle's " causal properties " but nevertheless acts exactly like a human being.

In the original traditional cuisines, the precise selection of spices for each dish is a matter of national or regional cultural tradition, religious practice, and, to some extent, family preference.

Describing himself as non-religious and as accepting the concept of natural selection as a well-established fact, Stove nonetheless attacked what he described as flawed concepts proposed by some " Ultra-Darwinists ".

Four wins in a row restored some hope for the Bomber faithful, but another series of crippling injuries ravaged the club, leaving them with as little as 24 fit men for selection.

Many birds in other families are also commonly called " finches ", including some species in the very similar-looking waxbills or estrildid finches ( family Passeridae, subfamily Estrildinae ) of the Old World tropics and Australia ; several groups of the bunting and American sparrow family ( Emberizidae ); and Darwin's finches of the Galapagos islands, which provided evidence of natural selection and are now recognized to be peculiar tanagers ( Thraupidae ).

A study published on the British Medical Journal concluded that " identification as belonging to the Goth subculture some point in their lives was the best predictor of self harm and attempted suicide young teens ", and that it was most possibly due to a selection mechanism ( persons that wanted to harm themselves later identified as goths, thus raising the percentage of those persons who identify as goths ).

Countless generations of domestic horses bred for size, color, speed, and many other traits with little regard for hoof quality and soundness make some breeds more dependent on horseshoes than feral horses such as mustangs, which develop strong hooves as a matter of natural selection.

Further, some interpret the ideas of Charles Darwin as suggesting that some traits, such as hair texture, were so arbitrary to human survival that the role natural selection played was trivial.

Studies of Charles Darwin's notebooks have shown that Darwin arrived separately at the idea of natural selection which he set out in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, but it has been speculated that he may have had some half-forgotten memory from his time as a student in Edinburgh of ideas of selection in nature as set out by Hutton, and by William Charles Wells and Patrick Matthew who had both been associated with the city before publishing their ideas on the topic early in the 19th century.

He exhibited portraits, Italian genre, literary and biblical subjects, and a selection of his paintings can today be found in some of the most important museums in London, including the National Portrait Gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum and Tate Britain.

Book first, together with some account of the life and acts of the Author, of his ancestors, and of his descendants, illustrated by a selection of characteristic anecdotes, as collected by their historian, Mevlānā Shemsu'd-dīn Ahmed el-Eflākī el -' Arifī, translated and the poetry versified by James W. Redhouse, London: 1881.

The track selection shows some of the band's funk, soul and disco influences, including tracks from The Pointer Sisters, The Commodores, Johnny " Hammond " Smith and Johnny " Guitar " Watson.

Sampling bias is mostly classified as a subtype of selection bias, sometimes specifically termed sample selection bias, but some classify it as a separate type of bias.

The abundance of some genetic changes within the gene pool can be reduced by natural selection, while other " more favorable " mutations may accumulate and result in adaptive changes.

Finally, the union of some combinations of eggs and sperm might be more compatible than others ; this is termed compatibility selection.

Some features that are confined to one sex only of a particular species can be explained by selection exercised by the other sex in the choice of a mate, for example, the extravagant plumage of some male birds.