Though much of the 20 years between the discontinuation of the 1000F and the introduction of the 2000FC was spent designing an improved focal plane shutter, the 2000-series again used corrugated metal foil as material for the shutter curtains, though now titanium replaced the original stainless steel.

The drive and shutter too were improved.

Although the Square shutter improved the FP shutter in most ways, it still limited maximum flash X-sync speed to 1 / 125 sec.

The Nikon FE2 ( Japan ), with an improved version of this shutter, had a 3. 3 ms ( at 7. 3 m / s ) curtain travel time and boosted X-sync speed to 1 / 250 sec.

A further improved version of this shutter, spec ' ed for 100. 000 actuations, was used in the ( named Dynax 9 in Europe, α-9 in Japan ) in 1998 and Minolta Maxxum 9Ti ( named Dynax 9Ti in Europe, α-9Ti in Japan ) in 1999.

This mechanism was unreliable, so the improved Zorki 3M of 1954 combined all of the shutter speeds on a single dial.

Not only does this allow for very accurate control over the shutters, since the capacitor can be filled or drained quickly, but the response time of the shutter is dramatically improved as well.

They ( and the Nikon FA ) all used the superficially similar ( but not identical ) rugged copper aluminium alloy chassis and high-quality Nikon vertical bearing-mounted metal shutter and ball-bearing mounted film advance, but with improved feature levels, minor external controls and cosmetic differences.

Prószyński also produced several films in Poland at the beginning of the 20th century as well as creating an improved film projector shutter, the first hand held film-camera and devised a method of synchronizing sound and film tracks.

Film winding was improved with a single-stroke film advance lever that advanced the film and cocked the shutter in one winding ( the Auto 110 took two strokes to advance the film ).

The improved titanium-bladed shutter from the Nikon FE2 was adapted to the FM2 in 1984 and X-sync increased to 1 / 250th second.

This design is an improved electronically controlled version of the mechanical shutter introduced in the Nikon FM2, with eight honeycomb-patterned blades instead of nine and shutter curtain travel time further reduced to 3. 3 milliseconds from 3. 6 milliseconds.

The Microcord ( 1951 ) was based on the Rolleicord ; it was soon ( 1952 ) followed by the Microcord Mk II, with an improved shutter ( the German Prontor ).

It creates the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter.

Adjustment to the aperture controls the depth of field, the distance range over which objects are acceptably sharp ; such adjustments need to be compensated by changes in the shutter speed.

As objects in a scene move, an image of that scene must represent an integration of all positions of those objects, as well as the camera's viewpoint, over the period of exposure determined by the shutter speed.

Most later Exakta lenses, known either as " automatic " or " semi-automatic " lenses, included a button in an extension that would align over the camera body's shutter release when the lens was mounted.

Motion-control also requires control over other photographic elements, such as frame rates, focus, and shutter speeds.

The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector but introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video, by creating the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter.

As for the Kinetoscope itself, there is a significant disagreement over the location of the shutter providing the crucial intermittent visibility effect.

According to a report by inventor Herman Casler described as " authoritative " by Hendricks, who personally examined five of the six still-extant first-generation devices, " Just above the film ,... a shutter wheel having five spokes and a very small rectangular opening in the rim directly over the film.

A camera-mounted FP shutter's main advantage over the competing interlens leaf shutter was ability to use a very narrow slit to offer an action stopping 1 / 1000 second shutter speed at a time when leaf shutters topped out at 1 / 250 sec.

With over 2 million units produced, the Zorki 4 was the most successful Zorki and has a reputation as one of the best Russian cameras, although the self-timer and slow shutter speeds were unreliable.

In this shutter speed | 10-second exposure ( photography ) | exposure photo, facing south toward Sagittarius ( constellation ) | Sagittarius, three forms of light pollution obscure the stars and faintly visible Milky Way in the suburban night sky over Southern California: skyglow, glare ( vision ) | glare, and light pollution # Light trespass | light trespass.

The city of Piedmont perches on the shutter ridge, which give an imposing shadow over the highway at sunset.

By 2003, Leaf had an 11MP model, the Valeo, and Jenoptik / Sinar had the 11MP Sinarback 43. several vendors had 16MP models ; Kodak produced the $ 15, 000 16MP Pro Back Plus using their own CCD, Imacon made the ixpress 96, Phase One had their H20 and Sinar continued its camera back development from the 22, 23h, 43h and issued the 44H which when mounted on a macroscan unit delivered an image of over 1 Gb in size with live image focussing using the Sinarcam shutter system.

* Deadlight: A strong shutter fitted over a porthole or other opening that can be closed in bad weather.

High-speed cameras can film up to a quarter of a million frames per second by running the film over a rotating prism or mirror instead of using a shutter, thus reducing the need for stopping and starting the film behind a shutter which would tear the film stock at such speeds.

The StarTram proposal plans on use of a power-demanding MHD window over a multi-meter diameter launch tube periodically, but briefly at a time, to prevent excessive loss of vacuum during the moments when a mechanical shutter temporarily opens in advance of a hypervelocity spacecraft.

However, after over 2 years on the air, the channel's owners announced its decision to shutter the service citing difficulties in operating a 24 hour breaking news service, which relied primarily on MSNBC programs, with then-current CRTC mandated Canadian content requirements, calling them " disruptive to subscribers and have proven to be financially burdensome beyond expectation ".

Towards the end of 1990 the company decided to favor the Big Bear Plus store format over the Harts general merchandise format and started to slowly shutter or convert all remaining Harts locations.

Pathfinder parents and the local community reacted negatively to the decision to shutter Pathfinder, and Interlochen agreed to turn over the school to a group of parents when several benfactors stepped forward to provide supplemental financial support.

Threaded shutter button to accept standard shutter release instead of external thread Leica cable release which fitted over the button of earlier cameras.

A typical movie camera continuously takes 24 film frames per second as long as the user holds down the shutter button, or until the shutter button is pressed a second time.

In early days of photography, available shutter speeds were not standardized, though a typical sequence might have been 1 / 10 s, 1 / 25 s, 1 / 50 s, 1 / 100 s, 1 / 200 s and 1 / 500 s. Following the adoption of a standardized way of representing aperture so that each major step exactly doubled or halved the amount of light entering the camera ( 2. 8, 4, 5. 6, 8, 11, 16, etc.

Another advantage of the focal-plane shutter is that their fastest speeds are quite high: 1 / 4000 second or even 1 / 8000 second ; much higher than the 1 / 500 second of the typical leaf shutter.

In addition, the typical focal-plane shutter has flash synchronization speeds that are slower than the typical leaf shutter's 1 / 500 sec., because the first curtain has to open fully and the second curtain must not start to close until the flash has fired.

As perfected in the 1954 Leica M3 ( West Germany ), a typical Leica-type horizontal FP shutter for 35 mm cameras is pre-tensioned to traverse the 36 millimeter wide film gate in 18 milliseconds ( at 2 meters per second ) and supports slit widths for a speed range of 1 to 1 / 1000 sec.

A typical shutter assembly consists of a sandwich of several layers deposited on two thin glass sheets forming the front and back of the display.

Projection tachistoscopes use a slide or transparency projector equipped with the mechanical shutter system typical of a camera.

This shutter was able to reach such ultra-fast speeds because its titanium honeycomb curtains had a travel time of 3. 3 milliseconds, half of typical vertical travel metal-bladed focal plane shutters of the time.