In some circumstances the giving of a nickname had a special status in Viking society in that it created a relationship between the name maker and the recipient of the nickname, to the extent that the creation of a nickname also often entailed a formal ceremony and an exchange of gifts.

Under the history of U. S. treaty law, the territorial boundaries claimed by Federally recognized tribes received the same status under which the Southeastern tribal claims were recognized ; until the following establishment of reservations of land, determined by the Federal government, which were ceded to the remaining tribes by de jure treaty, in a process that often entailed forced relocation.

In 1878, the Ottoman Empire, according to the provisions of the Congress of Berlin, signed the Pact of Halepa which entailed the implementation of the organic law of 1868, promised but never implemented by the Ottoman government, which was to give Crete a status of wide-ranging autonomy.

In addition to this, Lancaster was given palatinate status for the county of Lancashire, which entailed a separate administration independent of the crown.

Unless one takes refuge in the theory -- however disguised -- that Negroes are, somehow, different from white people, I do not see how one can escape the conclusion that the Negro's status in this country is not only a cruel injustice but a grave national liability.

St. James's Church was built in 1763, replacing the old chapel however it did not achieve parochial status until as late as 1870.

Economically however, financial services associated with the territory's status as an offshore financial centre are by far the more important.

The Lions won all of their games that did not have test status except for the matches against Auckland, Wellington and Canterbury ; they did however lose three of their four test matches against the All Blacks, winning the first test 6 – 3 ..

As the generations progress, Blackadder becomes increasingly clever and perceptive, while his social status steadily erodes ; however, each Blackadder remains a cynical, cowardly opportunist, maintaining and increasing his own status and fortunes, regardless of his surroundings.

The Araucanians ' valor inspired the Chileans to mythologize them as the nation's first national heroes, a status that did nothing, however, to elevate the wretched living standard of their descendants.

Shortly thereafter, however, many critics arose to challenge its status as a revolutionary movement.

As class lines harden, the upper class becomes more jealous of its status and resists or retards the admission of commoners, however great their merit or wealth.

The specifics of the caste systems have varied in ethnically and culturally diverse Africa, however the following features are common-it has been a closed system of social stratification, the social status is inherited, the castes are hierarchical, certain castes are shunned while others are merely endogamous and exclusionary.

In past, however, everything was inherited-material possessions, social status, lifelong occupation and a personal sense of value.

The modern RCMP does not retain any military status however.

From the start of the federation, however, Haile Selassie attempted to undercut Eritrea ’ s independent status, a policy that alienated many Eritreans.

However, by the end of the Siege the fortress and its heroic response to the siege was now acquiring a sort of cult status amongst the population in Britain and no exchange however attractive, was likely to be acceptable.

These proposals, however, are not seen as favorable by the U. S. federal government, which argues Guam does not have the financial stability or self sufficiency to warrant such status.

Under contemporary Israeli law, however, certain areas of Israeli family and personal status law are under the authority of the rabbinic courts and are therefore treated according to Halakha.

For this reason, however, ' narcotic ' has come to mean any illegally used drug, but it is useful as a shorthand for referring to a controlled drug in a context where its legal status is more important than its physiological effects.

Most Irish Australians, however, do not have Irish citizenship and define their status in terms of self-perception, affection for Ireland and an attachment to Irish culture.

For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence was palatalized and realized phonetically as, approximately chi ; however, now and are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī " Western style tea " and chii " social status ".

Jarmusch's distinctive aesthetic and auteur status fomented a critical backlash at the close of this early period, however ; though reviewers praised the charm and adroitness of Mystery Train and Night On Earth, the director was increasingly charged with repetitiveness and risk-aversion.

In a limited way, however, immigration of skilled Mexican and Canadian workers to the United States was permitted under the TN status.

Moldova however has never participated in any military aspects of CIS, citing its neutrality status.

The mediating factors of violent acts, however, are most consistently found to be mainly socio-demographic and socio-economic factors such as being young, male, of lower socioeconomic status and, in particular, substance abuse ( including alcoholism ) to which some people may be particularly vulnerable.

Some Lamarckian principles, however, have not been entirely discounted and some of Darwin's pangenesis principles ( in this regard ) do relate to heritable aspects of phenotypic plasticity, while the status of gemmules has been firmly rejected.

Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center, however, and imports the majority of Chinese akoya pearl production.

Despite the increasing rate of exogamous marriages, the population has been able to sustain, at least to some degree, the consciousness of its intermediate status in society.

A monastery must have been granted the status of an abbey by the Pope, and such monasteries are normally raised to this level after showing a degree of stability — a certain number of monks in vows, a certain number of years of establishment, a certain firmness to the foundation in economic, vocational and legal aspects.

IQ scores have been shown to be associated with such factors as morbidity and mortality, parental social status, and, to a substantial degree, parental IQ.

The degree to which economic status and inheritance is transmitted across generations determines one's life chances in society.

Although Kuwait was nominally governed from Basra, the Kuwaitis had traditionally maintained a relative degree of autonomous status.

A key difference between libertarian socialism and capitalist libertarianism is that advocates of the latter generally believe that one's degree of freedom is affected by one's economic and social status, whereas advocates of the former focus on freedom of choice.

Treatment and prognosis depend on the histological type of cancer, the stage ( degree of spread ), and the patient's general wellbeing, measured by performance status.

NAFTA allows for a wide list of professions, most of which require at least a Bachelor's degree, for which a Mexican or a Canadian citizen can request TN status and temporarily immigrate to the United States.

Subjectivists, also known as Bayesians or followers of epistemic probability, give the notion of probability a subjective status by regarding it as a measure of the ' degree of belief ' of the individual assessing the uncertainty of a particular situation.

Victoria College, which had been established in 1903 as an affiliated college of McGill University, gained autonomy and full degree granting status on March 1, 1963.

The school currently offers executive education programs that culminate in a Certificate in Business Excellence ( CIBE ) and full alumni status, and several degree programs for the MBA and PhD degrees.

On 27 February 1967, Britain granted the territory of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla the status of " associated state ", with its own constitution and a considerable degree of self-government.

The publication and favorable reception of Uncle Tom's Children improved Wright's status with the Communist party and enabled him to establish a reasonable degree of financial stability.

Eye of the Devil with its supernatural themes, and Valley of the Dolls, with its overstated melodrama, have each achieved a degree of cult status.

In the Holy Roman Empire, and to a degree in its successor states the German Confederation and the German Empire, so-called " free imperial cities " ( nominative singular freie Reichsstadt, nominative plural freie Reichsstädte ) held the legal status of imperial immediacy, according to which they were not subinfeudated to any vassal ruler and were instead subject to the authority of the Emperor alone.

But social constructivists argue that mathematics is in fact grounded by much uncertainty: as mathematical practice evolves, the status of previous mathematics is cast into doubt, and is corrected to the degree it is required or desired by the current mathematical community.

Francis Walsingham matriculated at King's College, Cambridge, in 1548 with many other Protestants but as an undergraduate of high social status did not sit for a degree.

For instance, beginning in the 2007 / 08 academic year, the London School of Economics and Political Science ( LSE ), King's College London, the Institute of Education, and University College London began awarding their own degree certificates while retaining their constituent-college status within the University of London.

This effort was to a fair degree successful ; Wolfgang achieved great fame and was for a time quite prosperous ( though poor planning later changed this status ).

After two years of business and leadership education, students obtain a Masters of Business Administration ( MBA ) degree from Tsinghua University as well as both a certificate from the MIT Sloan School of Management and MIT Sloan affiliate alumni status.

The public image of diplomats has been described as " a caricature of pinstriped men gliding their way around a never-ending global cocktail party " J. W. Burton has noted that " despite the absence of any specific professional training, diplomacy has a high professional status, due perhaps to a degree of secrecy and mystery that its practitioners self-consciously promote.

Progress toward full college status was made in 1948 with the designation of the bachelor of arts as a liberal arts degree, and the bachelor of science as a teaching degree.

Data on the educational status of Rancho Cordovans shows that approximately 85 % of residents 25 years or older have a high school education and 22 % of residents hold some type of college or post-secondary school degree.