What is the history of criticism but the history of men attempting to make sense of the manifold elements in art that will not allow themselves to be reduced to a single philosophy or a single aesthetic theory??

Accordingly, it is the aim of this essay to advance a new theory of imitation ( which I shall call mimesis in order to distinguish it from earlier theories of imitation ) and a new theory of invention ( which I shall call symbol for reasons to be stated hereafter ).

The central concern of Erich Auerbach's impressive volume called Mimesis is to describe the shift from a classic theory of imitation ( based upon a recognition of levels of truth ) to a Christian theory of imitation in which the levels are dissolved.

And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Thus, in no ordinary sense of ' simplicity ' is the Ptolemaic theory simpler than the Copernican.

Analogously, anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's, must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists, while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts.

In a sense, Einstein's theory is simpler than Newton's, and there is a corresponding sense in which Copernicus' theory is simpler than Ptolemy's.

The strongest appeal of the Copernican formulation consisted in just this: ideally, the justification for dealing with special problems in particular ways is completely set out in the basic ' rules ' of the theory.

My reply is that I associate myself with all those who affirm that Gentile-Jewish relations should contribute to the theory and practice of human dignity.

Finally we may note that the idea appears in educational theory where its influence is at present widespread.

The point is that an ethical critic, with an assist from Freud, can seize on this theory to argue that tragedy provides us with a harmless outlet for our hostile urges.

In his study Samuel Johnson, Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts ''.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

that theory was and is sound.

Lavoisier also contributed to early ideas on composition and chemical changes by stating the radical theory, believing that radicals, which function as a single group in a chemical process, combine with oxygen in reactions.

Subsequent modifications of Watson's perspective and that of " classical conditioning " ( see under Ivan Pavlov ) led to the rise of operant conditioning or " radical behaviorism ," a theory advocated by B. F. Skinner, which took over the academic establishment up through the 1950s and was synonymous with " behaviorism " for many.

Horkheimer wanted to distinguish critical theory as a radical, emancipatory form of Marxian theory, critiquing both the model of science put forward by logical positivism and what he and his colleagues saw as the covert positivism and authoritarianism of orthodox Marxism and Communism.

This form of critical theory is not necessarily oriented toward radical social change or even toward the analysis of society, but instead focuses on the analysis of texts.

Although the very act of codification was a radical innovation, given the precedent-based design of the Roman legal system, the jurists were generally conservative, and constantly looked to past Roman practice and theory for guidance.

Other broad distinctions include those between positive economics ( describing " what is ") and normative economics ( advocating " what ought to be "); between economic theory and applied economics ; between rational and behavioral economics ; and between mainstream economics ( more " orthodox " and dealing with the " rationality-individualism-equilibrium nexus ") and heterodox economics ( more " radical " and dealing with the " institutions-history-social structure nexus ").

Some radical political environmentalists who accept some form of the Gaia theory call themselves Gaians.

Some refer to this political activity as a separate and radical branch of the ecology movement, one that takes the axioms of the science of ecology in general, and Gaia theory in particular, and raises them to a kind of theory of personal conduct or moral code.

More influentially, radical geography emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, drawing heavily on Marxist theory and techniques, and is associated with geographers such as David Harvey and Richard Peet.

In theory I am an agnostic, but pending the appearance of radical evidence I must be classed, practically and provisionally, as an atheist.

The second theory is that there is first a radical increase in the amount of circulating medium, which can be called the " monetary model " of hyperinflation.

However, in 1843, the Scottish surgeon James Braid proposed the theory of hypnotism as a radical alternative, in opposition to Mesmerism.

He has drawn upon his knowledge of Western philosophy, Marxist sociology, and radical Islamist political theory to advocate a modern Islamic perspective that does not hesitate to criticize genuine societal ills while simultaneously remaining faithful to the ethical values and spiritual dimensions of religion.

After his studies, he wrote for a radical newspaper in Cologne, and began to work out his theory of dialectical materialism.

A third approach, described as " radical memetics ", seeks to place memes at the centre of a materialistic theory of mind and of personal identity.

* Merriam-Webster: Either " of, relating to, or being an era after a modern one ", or " of, relating to, or being any of various movements in reaction to modernism that are typically characterized by a return to traditional materials and forms ( as in architecture ) or by ironic self-reference and absurdity ( as in literature )", or, finally " of, relating to, or being a theory that involves a radical reappraisal of modern assumptions about culture, identity, history, or language ".

Beard and Gloag support this position, citing Jameson's theory that " the radical changes of musical styles and languages throughout the 1960s now seen as a reflection of postmodernism " ( Beard and Gloag 2005, 142 ; see also Harvey 1990 ).

In a radical departure from traditional property theory, he defines property not as a physical object, but rather as a relationship between people with respect to an object.

Punctuated equilibrium in social theory is a method of understanding change in complex social systems, particularly how policy change and the development of conflicts seem to progress in extended periods of stasis, punctuated by sudden shifts in radical change.

" Based in Marxist theory, critical pedagogy draws on radical democracy, anarchism, feminism, and other movements for social justice.

This was the more radical approach of S-matrix theory.

* Radical of a ring, in ring theory, a radical of a ring is an ideal of " bad " elements of the ring

* Radical of a module, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification

An early theory, suggested by Swiss theologian Jean LeClerc in the 17th century, posits that the longer Western version was a first draft, while the Alexandrian version represents a more polished revision by the same author.

Except for that slight revision, the basic Darwinian theory hasn't changed in the last 50 years.

This theory presented above could be refuted and in need of revision due to new scientific evidence presented by HUGO ( Human Genome Organization ) through genetic studies of the Asian races that points to a single Asian migration from South East Asia traveling northwards and slowly populating East Asia instead of the other way around which as popularly depicted above.

" These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision or rejection of the theory.

This new system that came to " dominate all the literary theory of German romanticism " ( Genette 38 ) has seen numerous attempts at expansion and revision.

This system, which came to " dominate all the literary theory of German romanticism ( and therefore well beyond )…" ( 38 ), has seen numerous attempts at expansion or revision.

As Stephen Roy Miller argues in his 1998 edition of A Shrew ( although he does so in support of his adaptation theory ), " the differences between the texts are substantial and coherent enough to establish that there was deliberate revision in producing one text out of the other ; hence A Shrew is not merely a poor report ( or ' bad quarto ') of The Shrew.

In spite of this success, Kolmogorov theory is at present under revision.

Warren argues that this is the only theory which can account for the strong evidence for both reporting and revision, and it is a theory which is gaining increased support in the late twentieth / early twenty-first century.

" These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision or rejection of the theory.

In 1838 he published a revision of the lunar theory, entitled Fundamenta nova investigationis, & c., and the improved Tables of the Moon (" Hansen's Lunar Tables ") based upon it were printed in 1857, at the expense of the British government, their merit being further recognized by a grant of £ 1000, and by their adoption in the Nautical Almanac as from the issue for the year 1862, and other Ephemerides.

Holtzmann's 1863 theory posited an Ur-Marcus in the place of our Mark, with our Mark being a later revision.

The borrowings from the Greek service books have been ably discussed by Cagin ( Paléographie musicale, V ), but there are Greek loans in the Roman books also, though, if Duchesne's theory of origin is correct, some of them may have travelled by way of the Milanese-Gallican Rite at the time of the Charlemagne revision.

As an alternative to these trends he suggests a revision of transpersonal theory.

It is, in essence, the same as Hume's critique of induction: all three variants point at the fact that empirical evidence cannot force the choice of a theory or its revision.

* Peter Andreas Hansen publishes a revision of the lunar theory, Fundamenta nova investigationis orbitae verae quam luna perlustrat.

At the core of Transformative Learning theory, is the process of " perspective transformation ", with three dimensions: psychological ( changes in understanding of the self ), convictional ( revision of belief systems ), and behavioral ( changes in lifestyle ).

If we accept Helmut Koester's theory that the canonical Mark is a revision of Secret Mark, another explanation is possible: namely, that the ancient editor who deleted an earlier encounter of Jesus with such a young man in a cloth, then added this incident also involving a young man during Jesus ' arrest.

Kelso regarded the ESOP and CSOP as pragmatic proof that his revolutionary revision of classical economic theory, and the financial techniques he derived from this new perspective, were sound and workable in the economic and business world.

According to Renfrew's most recent revision of the theory however Old Europe was a " secondary urheimat " where the Greek, Armenian and Balto-Slavic language families diverged around 5000 BC.

While the economic policies of the New Deal appeared Keynesian, there was no revision of liberal theory in favor of greater state initiative.

In theory, a virtual address system, as used in PCI, would require a minor revision to Autoconfig.

Like feminism, lesbian and gay studies, and queer theory, lesbian feminism is characterised by contestation and revision.