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Thorium fluoride was also used in manufacturing carbon arc lamps, which provided high-intensity illumination for movie projectors and search lights.
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Thorium and fluoride
Thorium ( IV ) nitrate and thorium ( IV ) fluoride are known in their hydrated forms: and, respectively.
Thorium and was
Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eye glasses.
Thorium and uranium are the two most common radioactive elements on earth ; they have been around since the earth was formed.
Thorium was once commonly used as the light source in gas mantles and as an alloying material, but these applications have declined due to concerns about its radioactivity.
Thorium dioxide was used to control the grain size of tungsten metal used for spirals of electric lamps.
Thorium was removed by taking advantage of its weaker basicity relative to the trivalent lanthanides, the radioactive radium isotope daughter products of thorium were precipitated out using entrainment in barium sulfate, and the remaining lanthanides were converted to the chloride.
* Thorium: Radioactivity was unknown at that time, and the dentist probably thought he was working with tin.
Its final core was an experimental, light water moderated, thermal breeder reactor and is notable for its ability to transmute ( inexpensive ) Thorium 232 to Uranium 233 ( the latter being the fissile material that fueled the reaction within the reactor core ).
Thorium and also
Thorium is also used as an alloying element in nonconsumable TIG welding electrodes.
Thorium ( IV ) carbonate,, is also known.
Thorium is also used in its oxide form ( thoria ) in gas tungsten arc welding ( GTAW ) to increase the high-temperature strength of tungsten electrodes and improve arc stability.
In a fast breeder reactor, the above applies, though the reactivity from fuel depletion is also compensated by the breeding of either Uranium-233 or Plutonium-239 and 241 from Thorium 232 or Uranium 238, respectively.
Thorium and plutonium fluorides have also been used.
Thorium and used
Thorium is a component of the magnesium alloy series, called Mag-Thor, used in aircraft engines and rockets and imparting high strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures.
Thorium is a very effective radiation shield, although it has not been used for this purpose as much as lead or depleted uranium.
Thorium dioxide ( ThO < sub > 2 </ sub >) and thorium nitrate () were used in mantles of portable gas lights, including natural gas lamps, oil lamps and camping lights.
Thorium dioxide has been used as a catalyst in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid, in petroleum cracking and in producing sulfuric acid.
Uranium-233 has been used as a fuel in several different reactor types, and is proposed as a fuel for several new designs ( see Thorium fuel cycle ).
Thorium and manufacturing
Thorium dioxide is commonly a major component ; being radioactive it has led to concerns about the safety of those involved in manufacturing mantles.
Thorium and which
Thorium nuclei absorb neutrons, thus breeding fissile uranium-233, an isotope of uranium which is not found in nature.
Thorium and for
Thorium and uranium, their decay product radium, and its decay product radon, will therefore continue to occur for tens of millions of years at almost the same concentrations as they do now.
Thorium dioxide is a material for heat-resistant ceramics, e. g., for high-temperature laboratory crucibles.
Thorium compounds produce excellent images because of thorium's high opacity to X-rays ( it has a high cross section for absorption ).
Apart from playing a major role in India's nuclear tests asserting sovereignty, Dr. Kakodkar is a champion of India's self-reliance on Thorium as a fuel for nuclear energy.
Thorium and .
Thorium precipitates as its hydroxide and is removed.
Thorium occurs in all granites as well.
Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed.
* The Industrial Chemistry of the Lanthanons, Yttrium, Thorium and Uranium, by R. J. Callow, Pergamon Press 1967
*" The Industrial Chemistry of the Lanthanons, Yttrium, Thorium and Uranium ", by R. J. Callow, Pergamon Press 1967.
* Thorium based reactors.
The island is rich with minerals such as Ilmenite, Feldspar, Graphite, Silica, Kaolin, Mica and Thorium.
Thorium ( ) is a naturally occurring radioactive chemical element with the symbol Th and atomic number 90.
Thorium is estimated to be about four times more abundant than uranium in the Earth's crust, and is chiefly refined from monazite sands as a by-product of extracting rare earth metals.
Thorium is dimorphic, changing at 1360 ° C from a face-centered cubic to a body-centered cubic structure ; a body-centered tetragonal lattice form exists at high pressure with impurities driving the exact transition temperatures and pressures.
Thorium has one of the largest liquid temperature ranges of any element, with 2946 ° C between the melting point and boiling point.
Thorium is slowly attacked by water, but does not dissolve readily in most common acids, except hydrochloric acid.
Thorium compounds are stable in the + 4 oxidation state.
Thorium dioxide has the highest melting point ( 3300 ° C ) of all oxides.
Thorium ( IV ) hydroxide,, is highly insoluble in water, and is not amphoteric.
fluoride and was
Unoxidized residual americium was precipitated by the addition of hydrofluoric acid as americium ( III ) fluoride ().
To be able to work in vacuum a special fluoride based lubricant was used for the mechanical parts and the electric motors ( one in each wheel hub ) were enclosed in pressurised containers.
To be able to work in vacuum a special fluoride based lubricant was used for the mechanical parts and the electric motors ( one in each wheel hub ) were enclosed in pressurised containers.
Fluorspar, or calcium fluoride, was mined in Hardin County until the early 1990s.
* Hydrogen fluoride gas was for the first time detected in interstellar gas clouds.
In his senior year, he attempted to electrolyse aluminum fluoride in water solution, but was unable to produce aluminum at the cathode.
At first it used stannous fluoride, marketed as " Fluoristan " ( this was also the original brand name it was sold under — it was later changed from " Fluoristan " to " Crest with Fluoristan ").
Pepsodent was a very popular brand before the mid-1950s, but its makers were slow to add fluoride to its formula to counter the rise of other highly promoted brands such as Crest and Gleem toothpaste by Procter & Gamble, and Colgate's eponymous product ; sales of Pepsodent plummeted.
In the United States, overdose exposure to all formulations of " vitamins " was reported by 62, 562 individuals in 2004 ( nearly 80 %(~ 78 %, n = 48, 989 ) of these exposures were in children under the age of 6 ), leading to 53 " major " life-threatening outcomes and 3 deaths ( 2 from Vitamins-D and E ; 1 from polyvitaminic type formula, with iron and no fluoride ).
The blast-chamber was then to be partially filled with molten fluoride salts to a depth of 30 m ( 100 ft ), a " waterfall " would be initiated by pumping the salt to the top of the chamber and letting it fall to the bottom, and while being surrounded by this falling coolant, a 1-kiloton fission bomb would be detonated ; this would be repeated every 45 minutes.
Moissan was unable to reproduce his results, due to the fact that the hydrogen fluoride did not contain any traces of potassium fluoride, as in the previous experiment.
The mixture was needed because hydrogen fluoride is a non-conductor.
The breakthrough was the addition of a little hydrofluoric acid ( HF ), which forms a self-healing metal fluoride on the interior of tank walls and makes Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid storable.
Baixo Guandu was the first Brazilian city to receive water treated with fluoride in 1953 in order to reduce the incidence of caries, especially among children.
It was nuclear graphite moderated and the coolant salt used was FLiBe, which also carried the uranium-233 fluoride fuel dissolved in it.
In fact, the use of harsh hydrogen fluoride may degrade some peptides, which was the premise for the development of a milder, base-labile method of SPPS — namely, the Fmoc method.
The ARE used molten fluoride salt NaF-ZrF < sub > 4 </ sub >- UF < sub > 4 </ sub > ( 53-41-6 mol %) as fuel, was moderated by beryllium oxide ( BeO ), used liquid sodium as a secondary coolant, and had a peak temperature of 860 ° C.
The MSRE was a 7. 4 MW < sub > th </ sub > test reactor simulating the neutronic " kernel " of a type of inherently safe epithermal thorium molten salt breeder reactor called the Liquid fluoride thorium reactor.
Caries-inhibiting effects of fluoride were first seen in 1902 when fluoride in high concentrations was found to stain teeth and prevent tooth decay.
1.117 seconds.