Though used earlier in papers and discussions, the term 4GL was first used formally by James Martin in his 1982 book Applications Development Without Programmers to refer to non-procedural, high-level specification languages.

Though " president " and various monarchic titles are most commonly used for heads of state, in some nationalistic regimes ( usually republics ), the leader adopts, formally or de facto, a unique style simply meaning " leader " in the national language, such as Nazi Germany's single party chief and head of state and government, Adolf Hitler Führer ( see that article for equivalents ).

Though considerably changed in detail and expanded over the years, this system remains essentially the same as when formally implemented in 1920.

Though these regions are in practice administered by their respective claimants, neither India nor Pakistan has formally recognised the accession of the areas claimed by the other.

Though von Stein's report was never formally published, portions were included in later works, including a 1959 book by Ley.

Though often referred to in historical literature as Grand Inquisitors, the role was substantially different to the formally appointed Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition.

Though the fish used in modern sushi no longer usually comes from Tokyo Bay, it is still formally known as Edomae nigirizushi.

Though never formally canonized by the pope, he eventually becomes the patron saint of Sweden.

Though the campaign against Korea was primarily the work of the ranking French diplomat in China and not formally authorized by the French government, its failure nevertheless resulted in the decline of French influence in the region.

Though the lower-echelon units of a combined arms team may be of similar types, a balanced mixture of such units are combined into an effective higher-echelon unit, whether formally in a table of organization or informally in an ad hoc solution to a battlefield problem.

Though not formally credited on the album, Eric Clapton played lead guitar on Harrison's " While My Guitar Gently Weeps ".

Though a few Liberal Unionists like Goschen formally joined the Conservatives ( by becoming member of the exclusive Tory Carlton Club ), the party still continued to maintain a separate identity and to raise their own funds.

Though not formally dedicated to Elizabeth I of England | Queen Elizabeth, the Bishops ' Bible includes a portrait of the queen on its title page.

Though formally Muslim, the Shahnameh nevertheless has a certain anti-Arab and anti-Turk bias.

Though Number 10 is formally part of the Cabinet Office, it reports to the Cabinet Secretary, which is currently Sir Jeremy Heywood.

Though Michigan State has offered courses in veterinary science since its founding, the College of Veterinary Medicine was not formally established as a four-year, degree-granting program until 1910.

Though Luther was asked to prepare the articles of faith that came to be known as the Schmalcald Articles, they were not formally adopted at the time of the meeting, though later they were incorporated into the Lutheran Confessions, in the Book of Concord, of 1580, in German, and in Latin translation, in the official Latin edition of the Book of Concord, the Leipzig edition of 1584.

Though the diocesan bishops exercise all episcopal administrative functions, the Cardinal bishops still formally take possession of their titular dioceses.

Though construction began in 1912, it did not conclude until 1929 ; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931.

Though these organizations were formally politically neutral, most Taiwanese businessmen on the mainland widely favor Pan-Blue.

Though Charlemagne, in deference to Byzantine outrage, preferred the title " Emperor, king of the Franks and Lombards ", the ceremony formally acknowledged the Frankish Empire as the successor of the ( Western ) Roman one ( although only the forged " Donation " gave the pope political authority to do this ), thus triggering a series of disputes with the Byzantines around the Roman name.

Though formally discontinued in England at the time of the Reformation, a post-Reformation payment of uncertain characteristics is seen in some English manors into the 19th century.

Though it is intuitively clear what supervenience is, formally specifying what it means involves a complex technical apparatus and a family of related but subtly different definitions.

Though formally Marxist-Leninist, the Communist Party of Vietnam has moved towards market reforms in the economy ( see also Đổi Mới, the Renewal launched by the Sixth Congress in 1986 ) and has permitted a growing mid-level private sector.

Though Mićunović was still formally president, it was Đinđić who was increasingly becoming the face of DS.

Though he had earned a degree in engineering, Anton started work as a sales representative ; soon, however, he began to contribute many important business ideas.

Though the fisherman's knot is associated with fishing, it can slip when tied in nylon monofilament and other slippery lines ; however, if more holding strength is required, the overhand knots can be made with more turns, as in the double fisherman's knot, and so on.

The Alcubierre drive, however, remains a hypothetical concept with seemingly insuperable problems: Though the amount of energy required is no longer thought to be unobtainably large, there is no method to create a warp bubble in a region that does not already contain one, and there is no method to move from the warp-bubble once having arrived at an intended destination.

Though originally state entities, the Constitutional " Militia of the Several States " were not entirely independent, however, because they could be federalized.

Though the federal viceroy is considered primus inter pares amongst his or her provincial counterparts, the governor general also outranks the lieutenant governors in the federal sphere ; at provincial functions, however, the relevant lieutenant governor, as the Queen's representative in the province, precedes the governor general.

Though in the city of Katowice the plebiscite resulted 22, 774 votes to remain in Germany and 3, 900 votes for Poland, it was however attached to Poland as the district in which it was located the overall ( combined with rural areas near the city and castle area ) they were 66, 119 votes for Poland and 52, 992 for Germany.

Though initially sentenced to execution, her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1983, however, and in May 1991 she was released for medical treatment.

Though much associated with Welwitschia mirabilis however, Odontopus sexpunctatus may not be a Welwitschia specialist ; there are claims that it also occurs on other plants, such as Adansonia, though it is not clear how well-supported these claims might be.

Though still struggling financially, however, he was heartened by the attention and admiration he received from the younger generation of English and American painters who made him their idol and eagerly adopted the title " pupil of Whistler ".

Though the speech was not published in the USSR for a long time, it was a break with the most atrocious practices of the Gulag system ; Solzhenitsyn was aware, however, that the outlines of the system had survived and could be revived and expanded by future leaders.

Though Disney Channel was no longer considered a premium channel, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association had long continued to register the channel among the U. S. premium channels in its subscription base rankings ( however, the channel now appears in the NCTA's list of the top-ranked basic cable channels by number of subscribers ).

Though his family was quite poor, Woodcock had the opportunity to go to Oxford University on a partial scholarship ; however, he turned down the chance, because he would have had to become a member of the clergy.

Though with the state winning in shorter hours for women, and the popular progressives being happy with the outcome, equal-rights feminists were against this because it worked so heavily on the separation of the sexes into two stereotyped gender-roles and restricted women's financial independence. This labor law gave women more protection however it excluded women of color, food processors, agricultural workers, and white collar educated women.

Though they are more expensive, they do have a higher power density and with the appropriate drive electronics are actually better suited to the application, however price is always an important factor.

Though influences on the genre can be traced as far back as the 1940s, modern dream pop originated in the United Kingdom in the mid-1980s-the term, however, was used almost exclusively in the United States.

Though, however, his leaning is clear, he carefully avoids dogmatising, and deprecates the angry controversies to which the speculation on this subject had given rise.

Though track through Carleton Place has not been removed, local advocates work towards maintaining the presence of a local train track, however, rail utility buildings in downtown Carleton Place were recently removed.

Though in this position he twice came under investigation – firstly for an alleged conflict of interest in relation to contracts awarded to his own economic research company, and secondly concerning the sale of the loss-making state-owned food conglomerate SME to the multinational Unilever, for which he had, for a time, been a paid consultant – however he was fully acquitted on both counts.

Though Pirenne had his opponents, notably Alfons Dopsch who disagreed on essential points, recent historians of the Middle Ages usually take Pirenne's main theses, however much they are modified, as starting points.

Though difficult to read, The Garden of Cyrus however remains an important work of English literature, primarily because it is incontrovertible evidence that as late as the mid-seventeenth century, isolated individuals throughout Europe continued to subscribe to the tenets of hermetic philosophy.

Though HTTP proxying has a different use-case in mind, the CONNECT method allows one to forward TCP connections, there is however no mechanism for UDP proxying.

Though the chemical LSA is not legal in some countries, the seeds are found in many gardening stores ; however, the seeds from commercial sources are often coated in some form of pesticide or methylmercury.

Though they often earned far more than workers in agriculture, weavers were looked down upon by both Maʻdān and farmers alike: however, financial concerns meant that it gradually gained acceptance as a respectable profession.

Though Bishop Strachan School ( BSS ) is located only two blocks from UCC, it is not UCC's sister school, UCC students do, however, work on joint projects with students of other nearby girls ' schools, including BSS, St. Clement's School, Havergal College, and Branksome Hall.

Though the book is not considered an historical account of the Khazar's conversion to Judaism, British scholar D. M. Dunlop postulated that R ' Yehuda Halevi had access to Khazar documents upon which he loosely based his work, however in this case the pagan is just a stereotype rather than using actual quotes.