There has been debate on whether or not cheerleading can be considered a sport for Title IX purposes.

In contrast, on July 21, 2010, in a lawsuit involving whether college cheerleading qualified as a sport for purposes of Title IX, a federal court, citing a current lack of program development and organization, ruled that it does not, but may in the future.

The strength of college field hockey reflects the impact of Title IX which mandated that colleges should fund men's and women's sports programmes comparably.

* 1972 – Title IX of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 is amended to prohibit sexual discrimination to any educational program receiving federal funds.

In 2006, considerable controversy arose after the decision to cut 10 varsity teams ( including both men's and women's teams ) was deemed necessary by the Board of Visitors to comply with Title IX restrictions.

The United States also has had very competitive crews, and in recent years these crews have become even more competitive given the surge in women's collegiate rowing due to Title IX.

Because Title IX mandates equal money spent on men's and women's sports, rowing is particularly useful due to the extremely high costs of equipment per athlete.

In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale.

Since the establishment of Title IX, female sports have increased in competitiveness and importance, which could contribute to the evening of aggression and the " need to win " attitude between both sexes.

#: Title IX consists of six sections.

In the wake of Title IX, the OVC established women's championships in the sports of basketball, tennis and track in 1977, with cross country and volleyball added over the next four years.

Though views differ as respects the impact of Title IX, discussion typically focuses on whether and to what extent Title IX has resulted in increased athletic opportunities for females, and whether and to what extent Title IX has resulted in decreased athletic opportunities for males.

The 2012 Summer Olympics in London opened new interest in the impact of Title IX and how the growth of sports participation by women worldwide might be ascribed to the 1972 American legislation.

Advocates of Title IX's current interpretation cite increases in female athletic participation, and attribute those increases to Title IX.

At the same time, many contend that the current interpretation of Title IX by the OCR has resulted in the dismantling of men's programs, despite strong participation in those sports.

The OCR's three-prong test for compliance with Title IX often is cited as the reason for these cuts.

** Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 expanded the damages available in Title VII cases and granted Title VII plaintiffs the right to a jury trial.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act is the principal federal statute with regard to employment discrimination prohibiting unlawful employment discrimination by public and private employers, labour organizations, training programmes and employment agencies based on race or colour, religion, sex, and national origin.

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 expanded the damages available to Title VII cases and granted Title VII plaintiffs the right to jury trial.

Because The Salvation Army is a church, Title VII of the U. S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 allows them to inquire into religious beliefs in its hiring practices.

in Texas had failed to desegregate its school system in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

On April 20, 2010, the U. S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights abandoned the 2005 clarification that allowed institutions to use only Internet or e &# 8209 ; mail surveys to meet the interests and abilities ( third prong ) option of the three-part test for Title IX compliance.

On that date, the Commission on Civil Rights released several recommendations on Title IX policy to address what it termed " unnecessary reduction of men's athletic opportunities ".

Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 generally revived the ban on discrimination in public accommodations that was in the Civil Rights Act of 1875, but under the Commerce Clause of Article I instead of the 14th Amendment ; the Court held it to be constitutional in Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States,.

The Court held that Congress acted well within its jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce clause in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thereby upholding the act's Title II in question.

Chief Justice Burger, Justice Rehnquist, Justice Stewart, and Justice Stevens, while concurring in result, would have not relied on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, but instead, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act.

Title XI gives the Jury rights to put any proceeding for criminal contempt arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of the Civil Rights Act, on trial, and if convicted, can be fined no more than $ 1, 000 or imprisoned for more than six months.

* Brauer, Carl M., " Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act ", 49 Journal of Southern History, February 1983.

" The Strength of a Weak Agency: Enforcement of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Expansion of State Capacity, 1965-1971 ," American Journal of Sociology, Nov 2004, Vol.

* Text of Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Title VII – 42 US Code Chapter 21 ( Employment Discrimination )

When the Law School denied admission to Barbara Grutter, a female Michigan resident with a 3. 8 GPA and 161 LSAT score, she filed this suit, alleging that respondents had discriminated against her on the basis of race in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and 42 U. S. C.

In the United States, sexual harassment is a form of discrimination which violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Some of the laws which protect individuals against discrimination are “ the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ( ADEA ), and the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ).” Lawsuits may also results from charges of an employer ’ s negligence, defamation, and / or misrepresentation.

alt = Title page from the Rights of Man

* Title 18, U. S. C., Section 241 – Conspiracy Against Rights:

* Title 18, U. S. C., Section 242 – Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law:

The authority for the program was renewed several times until the vocational rehabilitation program was made permanent as Title 5, of the Social Security Act in 1935.

The two Governments agree that the issuance of purchase authorizations for wheat and rice providing for purchase after June 30, 1961, shall be dependent upon the determination by the United States Government that these commodities are in surplus supply and available under Title 1, of the Act at that time.

The latest major change in this program was introduced by the National Defense Education Act of 1958, Title 8, of which amended the George-Barden Act.

The Title 8, program of the National Defense Education Act of 1958 was a great spur to this trend toward area schools.

Under Title III of the ADA, all " new construction " ( construction, modification or alterations ) after the effective date of the ADA ( approximately July 1992 ) must be fully compliant with the Americans With Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines ( ADAAG ) found in the Code of Federal Regulations at 28 C. F. R., Part 36, Appendix " A ".

Title IV of the ADA amended the landmark Communications Act of 1934 primarily by adding section.

These are a popular compromise for ( American ) shooters who would like to own a submachine gun but cannot due to local restrictions or the prohibitive cost of buying a civilian legal submachine gun ( full automatics or semi-automatics with barrels shorter than are restricted under Title II of the National Firearms Act ).

Examples of PCCs that are derivatives of submachine guns but are rifles under Title I ( Gun Control Act ) include the HK USC ( derived from the HK. 45ACP UMP submachine gun ), the HK94 ( derived from the MP5 ), pistol-caliber AR-15s ( such as the Bushmaster Carbon 15 9 mm Carbine ), semi-automatic only versions of the Thompson by Auto-Ordnance and the FN PS90 ( derived from the FN P90 SMG ).

The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA ) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970.

In many cases, OCI will pursue cases where Title 18 violations have occurred ( e. g. conspiracy, false statements, wire fraud, mail fraud ), in addition to prohibited acts as defined in Chapter III of the FD & C Act.

The National Firearms Act and Firearm Owners Protection Act define a " machine gun " in the United States code Title 26, Subtitle E, Chapter 53, Subchapter B, Part 1, § 5845 as:

In response to the judgment, the Parliament of Australia, controlled by the Labor Party led by Prime Minister Paul Keating, enacted the Native Title Act 1993 ( NTA ).

Following Wik Peoples v Queensland ( 1996 ), Parliament amended the NTA with the Native Title Amendment Act 1998.

* Native Title Act 1993 ( Cth )

Civilian ownership of submachine guns is regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives under the provisions of the National Firearms Act of 1934 as amended by Title II of the Gun Control Act of 1968.