New physical detection technologies are employed, such as oligonucleotide microarrays to identify chromosomal gains and losses ( called comparative genomic hybridization ), and single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays to detect known point mutations.

Technologies such as genomic microarrays, also called array comparative genomic hybridization ( array CGH ), are used to detect chromosomal abnormalities, such as microduplications, in a high throughput fashion from genomic DNA samples.

* Fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH ), a technique used in genetics to detect DNA sequences

In molecular biology, a hybridization probe is a fragment of DNA or RNA of variable length ( usually 100-1000 bases long ) which is used in DNA or RNA samples to detect the presence of nucleotide sequences ( the DNA target ) that are complementary to the sequence in the probe.

FISH ( fluorescence in situ hybridization ) is a cytogenetic technique developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s that is used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.

Array-comparative genomic hybridization ( also CMA, Chromosomal microarray analysis, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization, array CGH, a-CGH, aCGH ) is a technique to detect genomic copy number variations at a higher resolution level than chromosome-based comparative genomic hybridization ( CGH ).

It is used as a molecular probe to detect DNA or RNA.

Magnetic flux from the surroundings ( such as other wires ) may diminish or enhance the field the Hall probe intends to detect, rendering the results inaccurate.

In the third schematic, the probe and restriction enzyme are chosen to detect a region of the genome that includes a variable VNTR segment ( boxes ).

Mehmood working in the KANUPP-I where he had developed a scientific instrument, the SBM probe to detect leaks in steam pipes, a problem that was affecting nuclear plants all over the world and is still used worldwide.

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna ( LISA ) probe had been planned to be launched in 2025 to directly detect gravitational waves and would have been able to measure relative displacements with a resolution of 20 picometres over a distance of 5 million kilometres, yielding a strain sensitivity of better than 1 part in 10 < sup > 20 </ sup >.

Surveyor 7 was the first probe to detect the faint glow on the lunar horizon after dark that is now thought to be light reflected from electrostatically levitated moon dust .< ref >

MCD measurements can detect transitions which are too weak to be seen in conventional optical absorption spectra ; they can also probe paramagnetic properties and the symmetry of the electronic levels of the studied systems, such as metal ion sites.

With the aerodynamic properties of the probe already known, it was possible to determine the density of Titan's atmosphere and to detect wind gusts.

An RF probe, sometimes called an RF detector is a simple test device to detect radio frequency oscillation in an electronic circuit.

Observational studies to detect dark matter axions are underway, but they are not yet sufficiently sensitive to probe the mass regions where axions would be expected to be found if they are the solution to the dark matter problem.

Tools are used in ways that are not proven effective, or in ways in which they have been proven ineffective, such as infrared thermometers that are claimed to detect cold spots in the middle of rooms when such tools are able only to measure the surface temperature of objects unless equipped with a probe accessory.

It is used as a molecular probe to detect DNA or RNA.

Kismet also has the ability to detect default or " not configured " networks, probe requests, and determine what level of wireless encryption is used on a given access point.

The mixture of probe sequences determines the type of feature the probe can detect.

When combined with a specific colour, a locus-specific probe mixture is used to detect very specific translocations.

It is expected to allow astronomers to probe the earliest stages of the formation of planetary systems and to detect water and organic molecules in proto-planetary discs around stars in the making.

Furthermore, the E-ELT's suite of instruments will allow astronomers to probe the earliest stages of the formation of planetary systems and to detect water and organic molecules in protoplanetary discs around stars in the making.

The nitrogen atom can be used as a probe, in order to detect the smallest changes of the electronic structure of its environment.

The probe, which will remain stationary, collected and analyzed soil samples in an effort to detect water and determine how hospitable the planet might once have been for life to grow.

The show was colorful, indeed, exuberant, but the press for all its assiduity could detect no note of a fateful rendezvous with destiny.

Damage to either of these areas can reduce the fitness of the rival, either because of the need to regenerate tissue or because it impairs its ability to detect food.

NASA's planned Space Interferometry Mission ( SIM PlanetQuest ) ( now cancelled ) was to utilize astrometric techniques to detect terrestrial planets orbiting 200 or so of the nearest solar-type stars, and the European Space Agency's GAIA ( due to launch in 2012 ), which will be applying astrometric techniques in its stellar census.

Apoptosis progresses quickly and its products are quickly removed, making it difficult to detect or visualize.

The historic interest of the rotating bucket experiment is its usefulness in suggesting one can detect absolute rotation by observation of the shape of the surface of the water.

Indeed, a number of studies dispute the reality of this statistical distinction or its increasing occurrence, or both, either arguing the reliable record is too short to detect such a distinction, finding no distinction or trend using other statistical approaches, or that other types should be distinguished, such as standard and extreme El Niños.

Few academics argue that the text, in its present form, dates back any earlier than the 14th – 16th centuries ; although a minority see it as containing portions of an earlier work, and almost all would detect the influence of earlier sources — over and above the Vulgate text of the Latin Bible.

There is even a device available that will detect changes in jacket thickness and internal voids in jacketed rifle bullets, though its high cost makes it prohibitively expensive for all but the most dedicated shooters.

The warhead is encased in a cone-shaped reentry vehicle and is difficult to detect in this phase of flight as there is no rocket exhaust or other emissions to mark its position to defenders.

One likely chain of development is that the eyes originated as simple patches of photoreceptor cells that could detect the presence or absence of light, but not its direction.

Judith Anderson said his work was based on statistically flawed evidence, John Archer and others said that Rushton failed to understand and misapplied the theory of kin selection, Judith Economos said he was speculative and failed to define the concept of altruistic behavior in a way that it can become manifest and failed to show any plausible mechanism by which members of a species can detect the " altruism gene " in other members of the species, and Steven Gangestad criticized the theory for not being compelling in terms of its attractiveness as an explanatory model, C. R.

The Komodo dragon uses its tongue to detect, taste, and smell stimuli, as with many other reptiles, with the vomeronasal sense using the Jacobson's organ, rather than using the nostrils.

With the help of a favorable wind and its habit of swinging its head from side to side as it walks, Komodo dragons may be able to detect carrion from away.

Since the Miller experiment and its unclear results there have been many more experiments to detect the aether.

Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.

OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect terrorist activities in the region and to work with host nations to deny the reemergence of terrorist cells and activities.

Using its dichromatic color vision, it can detect predators from a great distance and then alert other prairie dogs to the danger with a special, high-pitched call.

It is invisible and not directly detectable by human senses, so instruments such as Geiger counters are usually required to detect its presence.

Sabotage, done well, is inherently difficult to detect and difficult to trace to its origin.

Of 72 types of odor receptors on its antennae, at least 27 are tuned to detect chemicals found in perspiration.

With its help, it is possible to detect every possible loop with a very small computation effort.

Lunar laser ranging experiments had failed to detect a return signal from its retroreflector since the 1970s.

In some application protocols that use IP address information, the application running on a node in the masqueraded network needs to determine the external address of the NAT, i. e., the address that its communication peers detect, and, furthermore, often needs to examine and categorize the type of mapping in use.

Whilst this is difficult to detect by touch, this may not be necessary in order to distinguish it from other coins, given its size.