Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen (, also known as Karl von Österreich-Teschen ) ( Full name: Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz of Austria ) ( 5 September 1771 – 30 April 1847 ) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of emperor Leopold II and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain.

" Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser " became the official anthem of the emperor of the Austrian Empire and the subsequent Austro-Hungarian Empire until the end of the Austrian monarchy in 1918.

In 1863, the invading French, under Napoleon III ( see above ), in alliance with Mexican conservatives and nobility, helped create the Second Mexican Empire, and invited Archduke Maximilian, of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, younger brother of the Austrian Emperor Franz Josef I, to become emperor Maximilian I of Mexico.

The Austrian emperor Leopold II, brother of Marie Antoinette, may have wished to avoid war, but he died on 1 March 1792.

In 1647 differences arose between the elector and the emperor as to the allegiance due from the Bavarian troops, in which, after long hesitation, Werth, fearing that the cause of the Empire and of the Catholic religion would be ruined if the elector resumed control of the troops, attempted to take his men over the Austrian border.

Many fled Silesia under persecution of the Austrian emperor, and some found refuge on the lands of Count Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf.

The Austrian emperor brought in the Counter-Reformation by encouraging Catholic orders to settle in Breslau, starting in 1610 with the Minorites, followed by Jesuits, Capucins, Franciscans and finally Ursulines in 1687.

The company that first sponsored the opera was the Nationalsingspiel (" national Singspiel "), a pet project ( 1778 – 1783 ) of the Austrian emperor Joseph II.

Clemens August, who mostly sided with the Austrian Habsburg-Lorraine side during the War of the Austrian Succession, personally crowned his brother Charles VII emperor at Frankfurt in 1742.

This bloody engagement, at which the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph had taken personal command of his troops, saw little skill demonstrated by either emperor, but the French were victorious.

His great-grandfather, Isaak Löw Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal, from whom his family inherited the noble title " Edler von Hofmannsthal ," was a Jewish merchant ennobled by the Austrian emperor.

The Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I used to spend several months here during the winter.

In 1937 he wrote ,“ I know very well that the overwhelming majority of the Austrian population would like me to assume the heritage of the peace emperor, my beloved father, rather earlier than later.

After the death of his father in 1765, he became emperor and was made co-regent by his mother in the Austrian dominions.

The titles of the Austrian emperor.

These actions were later recognized by the Austrian emperor, and Šupljikac was recognized as a voivode.

By a decision of the Austrian emperor, in November 1849, a new province was formed as the political successor of the Serbian voivodeship.

In 1782 the Austrian emperor Joseph II ordered parts of the walls torn down, making it easy for the French to take over the city during the first coalition war in 1794.

On the same day as Katzbach, Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg, the commander of the Austrian force of over 200, 000 men of the Austrian Army of Bohemia ( and accompanied by the Austrian emperor, the Russian tsar and the Prussian king ), attacked Saint-Cyr.

Crucially, despite Austrian attempts to trumpet their victory against Napoleon, its political consequences remained limited: there were no signs of a general uprising in Germany, Prussia was still unwilling to enter the war and Great Britain was not ready to launch its promised land expedition in northern Europe, while Russia, France's ally since 1807, was becoming increasingly aggressive against the Austrian forces in Galicia.

After the battle the blockaded Croatian armies were redirected towards Austria, where they were given new orders from the Austrian government, but no reinforcements as they were promised.

Venetia remained under Austrian control until the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, when the Kingdom of Italy joined on the Prussian side as it was promised Venetia in exchange for its assistance.

Maximillian wanted use of the funds, which he claimed had been promised to him by Henry, to levy troops in Switzerland and parts of the Austrian territories.

Austria, which wished to drive Sweden out of Germany through continued warfare, promised Poland reinforcements, but Austrian intentions were treated with suspicion and the Polish Senate demurred.

Revolutionary disturbances pervaded the territories of the Austrian Empire, and Emperor Ferdinand I ( 1835 – 1848 ) promised to reorganize the empire on a constitutional, parliamentary basis.

After 1526, the Austrian Habsburgs were selected by the Croatian Parliament as kings of Croatia, and Emperor Ferdinand promised the Croatian Parliament that he would give them 200 cavalrymen and 200 infantrymen, and that he would pay for another 800 cavalrymen who would be commanded by the Croatians.

Conducted in the Slovene Carinthian dialect, Austrian propaganda promised that the Slovene language and national identity would be treated as equal to the German in Austria, officially confirmed by the Carinthia Landtag assembly two weeks before the plebisicite was held.

Emil Jellinek, a successful Austrian dealer and racing driver on the French Riviera who greatly admired Maybach's work, promised to buy a shipment of 36 automobiles for 550, 000 goldmarks if Maybach could design a great race car for him following his specifications.

By the Treaty of London, Italy had been promised large chunks of Austrian territory but received only Trentino-Alto Adige / Südtirol, and promises believed to have been made about Albania and Asia Minor were ignored by the more powerful nations ' leaders.

On 4 March 1849, however, Minister-President Felix zu Schwarzenberg took the initiative and imposed the March Constitution, which promised the equality of all Austrian people and also provided for a bicameral Reichstag legislature.

The Austrians eventually agreed in principle to divide the province of Galicia ; in October 1916 the Austrian Emperor Karl I promised to do so once the war had ended.

While Henry advanced up to the Rhine and occupied the promised Imperial lands, the emperor surprised by the attack fled over the Alps to Villach in the Austrian Duchy of Carinthia.

They know what the Austrian government is going to demand ... and I think we may say with some assurance that they had expressed approval of those demands and promised support should dangerous complications ensure ... the German government did not believe that there is any danger of war .” Though Jagow ’ s pretence was not widely believed, it was still believed at this time that Germany was aiming for peace, and could restrain Austria.

In 1726 the Austrian envoy, who had vainly pressed for the payment of the promised subsidies, came to an explanation with the Spanish sovereigns.

The inquiry that followed established that the Lopukhin house used to be frequented by the Austrian agent Marquis Botta d ' Adorno, who allegedly promised his support for restoration of Ivan VI on the Russian throne.

In the War of Austrian Succession ( 1740 – 1748 ) Maria Theresa fought successfully for recognition of her succession to the throne.

This formal recognition, albeit on a regional level, was an exception to the policy of the Austrian Government which tended to persecute national symbols of the non-German nationalities in the Empire.

Alfred Schütz ( 13 April 1899, Vienna-20 May 1959, New York City ) was an Austrian social scientist, whose work bridged sociological and phenomenological traditions to form a social phenomenology, and who is " gradually achieving recognition as one of the foremost philosophers of social science of the century ".

It was a decision that was professionally disadvantageous, as the Austrian royalty twice denied him the much coveted ' KK Hofballmusikdirektor ' position, which was first designated especially for Johann I in recognition of his musical contributions.

He lobbied for the recognition of an Austrian government-in-exile, for the rights of the German-speaking population of South Tyrol, against the deportation of the German-speaking inhabitants of Bohemia and eastern Europe, and against letting Stalin rule Eastern Europe.

This implied the recognition of the rights of Christian IX, and was indignantly rejected ; whereupon the federal assembly was informed that the Austrian and Prussian governments would act in the matter as independent European powers.

They eventually ended with Silesia being incorporated into Prussia, and Austrian recognition of this.

As well as general regulations and recognition of the Austrian state, the minority rights of the Slovene and Croat minorities are also expressly detailed.

* The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returns Britain and France to the status quo ante bellum, returning Cape Breton Island to France and Madras to Britain ; Spain's recognition of Britain's Asiento rights ; French withdrawal from the Austrian Netherlands.

This treaty gave Austrian recognition to the existence of the Cisalpine Republic ( made up of Lombardy, Emilia Romagna and small parts of Tuscany and Veneto ), and annexed Piedmont to France.

The Austrian Oriental Society, founded in 1959 to foster cultural relations with the Near East, is formally named ' Österreichische Orient-Gesellschaft Hammer-Purgstall ' in recognition of Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall's accomplishments.

When official recognition was granted by the government in early 1983 a new era of Austrian Buddhism was ushered in.

In 1816 it was given by Francis I of Austria, to Prince Metternich, in recognition of his services as Austrian Foreign Minister.

During his eleven years collaboration with the APO, his recordings for ORF ( the Austrian radio and television station ) and ASV ( an English recording company ) achieved worldwide recognition, they frequently toured Europe, the United States, Canada, Iran and Lebanon.

This activity gained him recognition abroad and gifts of money from the British and Austrian governments ; but it made his position as an official in Berlin impossible, for the Prussian government had no mind to abandon its attitude of cautious neutrality.

Within neoclassical economics there may be recognition of ' externalities ' and market failure, but many economists ( such as the Austrian school, see below ) tend to ignore or underestimate their importance.

In recognition of his contributions and financial assistance to the liberation of Venetia from the Austrian Empire, in 1870 Abraham Salomon Camondo was created a hereditary count by King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy.