Coming of age was dealt with in Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ), race relationships were a theme in American History X ( 1998 ), and the AIDs epidemic and discrimination were the focus of Philadelphia ( 1993 ).

Others, however, feel they have been given a " label " that invites social stigma and discrimination ( i. e. mentalism ), or one that they simply do not feel is accurate.

The German university bureaucratic practice of using the post-nominal form, " Ph. D ." ( or equivalent ), to distinguish non-German doctorates can be challenged legally as evidence of arbitrary discrimination and prejudice against non-German nationals ( academics ).

One of the oldest records of human rights is the statute of Kalisz ( 1264 ), giving privileges to the Jewish minority in the Kingdom of Poland such as protection from discrimination and hate speech.

An EU case concerning Italy extended this principle to the rest of the EU in that it stated that, " The principle of trade union freedom in the Italian system implies recognition of the right of the individual not to belong to any trade union (" negative " freedom of association / trade union freedom ), and the unlawfulness of discrimination liable to cause harm to non-unionized employees.

Laws may guarantee the right to join a union ( banning employer discrimination ), or remain silent in this respect.

If the monopoly were permitted to charge individualised prices ( this is termed third degree price discrimination ), the quantity produced, and the price charged to the marginal customer, would be identical to that of a competitive company, thus eliminating the deadweight loss ; however, all gains from trade ( social welfare ) would accrue to the monopolist and none to the consumer.

Stigma and discrimination can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders ( or with being diagnosed or judged as having a mental disorder ), leading to various social movements attempting to increase understanding and challenge social exclusion.

In most countries, even those where sex work is legal, sex workers are stigmatized and marginalized, which can prevent them from seeking legal redress for discrimination ( e. g., racial discrimination by a strip club owner ), non-payment by a client, assault or rape.

In 1996, the Special Rapporteur for the Commission on Human Rights on freedom of religion or belief, Abdelfattah Amor ( Tunisia, 1993 – 2004 ), visited India in order to compose a report on religious discrimination.

Pa. 1823 ), the federal circuit court held that privileges and immunities in respect of which discrimination is barred include

In Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ), the Supreme Court ruled that laws arbitrarily requiring sex discrimination violated the Equal Protection Clause.

While the Equal Protection Clause is typically invoked only under very limited circumstances ( with a heavy burden on the complainant to show discrimination ), the Common Benefit Clause is read to require that " statutory exclusions from publicly-conferred benefits and protections must be ' premised on an appropriate and overriding public interest.

Because the 13 loci that are currently used for discrimination in CODIS are independently assorted ( having a certain number of repeats at one locus doesn't change the likelihood of having any number of repeats at any other locus ), the product rule for probabilities can be applied.

He co-authored a study of discrimination in university hiring practices, particularly in sociology departments ( Wolfe et al., 1973 ), again with a strong emphasis on statistics and survey methods.

In the United States, containerization and other advances in shipping were impeded by the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ), which was created in 1887 to keep railroads from using monopolist pricing and rate discrimination but fell victim to regulatory capture.

The first order of business of the revolutionaries therefore was to strive for the reform of the confederal state, with its discrimination of the Generality Lands, and of particular minorities ( Catholics, Jews ), in the direction of a unitary state, in which the minorities would be emancipated, and the old entrenched interests superseded by a more democratic political order.

While condemning racial discrimination ( and adopting legislation to make it a legal offence ), Wilson's Home Secretary James Callaghan introduced significant new restrictions on the right of immigration to the United Kingdom.

The European Convention on Human Rights, which is legally binding on all European Union states ( following the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998 in the United Kingdom ), makes restricting the rights of an individual to practice or change their religion illegal in article 9, and discrimination on the basis of religion illegal in article 14.

It also outlawed discrimination against employees for union activities, prohibited " yellow dog contracts " ( in which an employee agrees not to join a union while employed ), and required both sides to maintain the status quo during any arbitration proceedings and for three months after an award was issued.

Kin Recognition: First, if individuals have the capacity to recognize kin ( kin recognition ) and to adjust their behaviour on the basis of kinship ( kin discrimination ), then the average relatedness of the recipients of altruism could be high enough for this to be favoured.

During the series ' run, its primary focus was on dealing with personal subjects like parenting skills ( including single mothers who are accused of having the lack of experience of taking care of children ), romantic relationships ( both marital and non-marital ), LGBT issues ( like discrimination, same-sex couples who want to have children or straight people attracted to a person who is a LGBT or the other way around ), racism and prejudice ( even within their own race and gender ), interracial relationships, family discord, revealing secrets, and social topics of the day ( like money, looking for work or being on welfare ).

In 1986, Japanese students visiting the Kentucky General Assembly sang the song as a gesture of respect, but Carl Hines, the only black member of the Kentucky House of Representatives, was quoted as saying that the lyrics " convey connotations of racial discrimination that are not acceptable ".

He had himself suffered discrimination because of his religion: in Heidelberg and Jena he was denied the position of a university lecturer, in Hamburg in 1829 he was not allowed to practice as a lawyer.

At the time of its foundation, though much relieved from the harshest of the Penal Laws by the Irish Parliament's Relief Acts, some discrimination against Catholics remained throughout the newly created United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland pending full Catholic Emancipation in 1829.

Following the 1830 – 1831 November Uprising against the Russian imperial rule in the heartland of Poland – partitioned since 1795 – the Polish people became the subject of an official campaign of discrimination by the Tsarist authorities.

While the British colonies had no slavery after 1834, discrimination was still common.

There may be instances in which, if economic pressure is to be undertaken at all, this would have to be applied without discrimination against a whole people.

In the states that have passed laws preventing discrimination in the sale or rental of housing, support by real estate associations for compliance and broadened coverage through additional legislation could help remove the label of `` social reformism '' that most realtors individually seem determined to avoid.

In some countries vehicles are required to have these features by disability discrimination laws.

The majority of the Serbs who fled from the former Krajina have not returned due to fears of ethnic violence, discrimination and property repossession problems, and the Croatian government has yet to achieve the conditions for full reintegration.

In some places, controversial attempts such as racial quotas have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination -- but have sometimes been called reverse discrimination themselves.

Moral philosophers have defined discrimination as disadvantageous treatment or consideration.

Based on realistic-conflict theory and social-identity theory, Rubin and Hewstone have highlighted a distinction among three types of discrimination:

Sex discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences.

Though what constitutes sex discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another sex.

Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking ; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on one ’ s gender.

All states have provisions in their rate regulation laws or in their fair trade practice acts that prohibit unfair discrimination, often called redlining, in setting rates and making insurance available.

Additionally, due to employment discrimination and residential segregation, minority households " have historically been denied the opportunity to accumulate wealth " and thus, acquire inheritance.

Improved price discrimination allows a monopolist to gain more profit by charging more to those who want or need the product more or who have a greater ability to pay.

A company must have some degree of market power to practice price discrimination.

Among the questions about how to define racism are the question of whether to include forms of discrimination that are unintentional, such as making assumptions about preferences or abilities of others based on racial stereotypes, whether to include symbolic or institutionalized forms of discrimination such as the circulation of racial stereotypes through the media, and whether to include the socio-political dynamics of social stratification that sometimes have a racial component.

The term is commonly used negatively and is usually associated with race-based prejudice, violence, dislike, discrimination, or oppression, the term can also have varying and contested definitions.

Some sociologists have also pointed out, with reference to the USA and elsewhere, that forms of racism have in many instances mutated from more blatant expressions hereof into more covert kinds ( albeit that blatant forms of hatred and discrimination still endure ).

In contrast, institutions and courts have upheld discrimination against whites when it is done to promote a diverse work or educational environment, even when it was shown to be to the detriment of qualified applicants.

Although such racist ideologies have been widely discredited after World War II and the Holocaust, racism and racial discrimination have remained widespread around the world.