These responses include linear or torsional horizontal movements ( such as continental drift ) and vertical subsidence and uplift of the lithosphere ( strain ) in response to natural stresses on Earth ’ s surface such as the weight of mountains, lakes, and glaciers.

Widespread distribution of Permo-Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Antarctica and Australia was one of the major pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift.

Glacial drift is a general term for the coarsely graded and extremely heterogeneous sediments of glacial origin.

Longshore or littoral drift is the transportation of sediments along the coast at an angle to the shoreline.

Deposition of river sediments compensated for the sinking coastal plain, and coastwise drift from the mouth of the Po tended to close tidal inlets with sand bars.

Longshore drift consists of the transportation of sediments ( clay, silt and sand ) along a coast at an angle to the shoreline, which is dependent on prevailing wind direction, swash and backwash.

Longshore drift is influenced by numerous aspects of the coastal system, with processes that occur within the surf zone largely influencing the deposition and erosion of sediments.

Longshore drift affects numerous sediment sizes as it works in slightly different ways depending on the sediment ( e. g. the difference in long shore drift of sediments from a sandy beach to that of sediments from a shingle beach ).

For example, the Arcachon lagoon is a tidal inlet system in South west France, which provides large sources and sinks for longshore drift sediments.

The impact of longshore drift sediments on this inlet system is highly influenced by the variation in the number of lagoon entrances and the location of these entrances.

Due to this, groyne structures are usually used on shores with low net and high annual longshore drift in order to retain the sediments lost in storm surges and further down the coast.

Instead of longshore drift transporting sediment north up the coast towards the Waimataitai lagoon, the creation of the port blocked the drift of these ( coarse ) sediments and instead caused them to accrete to the south of the port at South beach in Timaru.

* Longshore drift, a geological process by which sediments move along a beach shore

Breakwaters also prevent nearby unprotected sections of beaches from receiving fresh supplies of sediments and they may gradually shrink due to erosion in a process known as longshore drift.

The widespread distribution of Permo-Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Antarctica and Australia was one of the major pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift, and led ultimately to the concept of a super-continent, Pangaea.

Static equilibrium refers to a beach that is stable and does not experience littoral drift or sediment deposition or erosion.

Thus theoretical studies, laboratory experiments, numerical and hydraulic modelling seek to answer questions pertaining to littoral drift and sediment deposition, the results should not be viewed in isolation and a substantial body of purely qualitative observational data should supplement any planning or management decision.

The water temperature is close to freezing in the northern part in winter, so drift ice patches and continuous ice fields form and hinder navigation between November and March.

During summer, the temperature differences can cause thunderstorms to form over the lake and drift eastward along the northern Wasatch Front.

Provincetown Spit, at the northern end of Cape Cod, was formed by longshore drift after the end of the last Ice age.

This in itself created a new problem, disturbing the natural northward drift of sand up the bay, with a buildup on the southern side and reduction of sand on the northern.

Monbetsu is famous for drift ice, a yearly phenomenon which reaches the city every January or February from the northern Sea of Okhotsk.

However, tens of thousands of the northern species were killed in the 1980s due to them becoming caught in oceanic drift gillnets introduced at that time.

Seasonal ice drift in the Sea of Okhotsk by the northern coast of Hokkaidō, Japan has become a tourist attraction of this area with harsh climate, and is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan.

He was an early proponent of continental drift, based on the close relationship between non-migratory water beetles of the family Elmidae in rivers in New Guinea and northern Australia.

Cromwell confirmed the existence of upwelling at the equator, disproved the existence of upwelling at the northern edge of the Equatorial Countercurrent, and originated a reasonable model of wind-induced current transport in the equatorial zone During these studies he recognized the significance of the unexpected drift of long-line fishing gear at the equator, and in 1952 he led a HUGH M. SMITH cruise using drogues in current measurements.

( 2003 ) indicates that: "( 1 ) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small ; ( 2 ) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated ; ( 3 ) the Austro-Asiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others ; ( 4 ) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast ; ( 5 ) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austro-Asiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes ; ( 6 ) the Dravidian tribals were possibly widespread throughout India before the arrival of the Indo-European-speaking nomads, but retreated to southern India to avoid dominance ; ( 7 ) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations ; ( 8 ) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India ; ( 9 ) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities.

The northern parts of Buckbarrow, blending into the slopes of Seatallan, are overlain by drift deposits, much peat being in evidence around Glade How.

His Arctic experiences enabled him to interpret the method of origin of the drift deposits in northern Europe, and to show that they were largely of glacial or fluvio-glacial origin.

On May 15, a monsoonal trough associated with a low pressure area formed north west of the Philippines. On May 17 the low pressure area started to drift across northern philippines, and rapidly intensified into a tropical storm before quickly dissipating due to vertical wind shear on May 20. The remnants were soon absorbed by a non-tropical low on May 22.

In addition, peripheral isolates are likely to represent a small number of individuals, meaning their gene pool is more susceptible to the effects of genetic drift ( random chance ).

Proponents of peripatric speciation contend that small population size in the peripheral isolate ( sometimes referred to as a " splinter population ") increases genetic drift, which can be a more powerful force than natural selection in small populations.

The southern half of the Barents Sea, including the ports of Murmansk ( Russia ) and Vardø ( Norway ) remain ice-free year round due to the warm North Atlantic drift.

There are three main types of water masses in the Barents Sea: Warm, salty Atlantic water ( temperature > 3 ° C, salinity > 35 ) from the North Atlantic drift, cold Arctic water ( temperature < 0 ° C, salinity < 35 ) from the north, and warm, but not very salty coastal water ( temperature > 3 ° C, salinity < 34. 7 ).

The port of Vardø, on the Barents Sea, remains ice-free all year round thanks to the effect of the warm North Atlantic drift.

Abashiri receives less precipitation than any other city in Japan due to its location on the drift ice-affected Sea of Okhotsk, which however causes Abashiri to receive less sunshine than the northeast coast since winter snowfall is heavier and fog less confined to the summer months when the Oyashio Current is strongest.

During its drift in the Weddell Sea ice Filchner investigated the existence of New South Greenland, an alleged coastline seen by Captain Bejamin Morrell in 1823, during a sealing voyage.

The Sea of Okhotsk is the southernmost area in the Northern hemisphere where drift ice may be observed.

* Sea anchor, a device to slow the drift of a vessel without use of the sea bottom

* Sea anchors also reduce the speed at which a vessel will drift with the wind.

Located on the Tonbetsu Plain, it faces the Sea of Okhotsk to the east where, during the winter, there is drift ice.

The most important of these results was the proof that Greenland was an island, deduced from tidal observations and the discovery of walnut drift wood, indicating a connection between the Greenland Sea and the Bering Sea.

The data about the drift of the St. Anna on the pack ice of the Kara Sea supplied by Albanov were carefully studied in 1924 by Soviet oceanographer V. Yu.

The British authorities in London rejected their request however, and after weeks of deadlock, the Struma was towed out into the Black Sea and left to drift.

These erratics are supposed to be transported by fluvial drift ice and are the first indicators in this part of the North Sea Basin of a major glaciation in the Scandinavian mountains.