Tolkien greatly prefers this motif over the later medieval trend of using the dragon as a symbolic or allegorical figure, such as in the legend of St. George.

C. S. Lewis, friend of Tolkien ( and later author of The Chronicles of Narnia between 1949 – 1964 ), writing in The Times reports:

Auden was later to correspond with Tolkien, and they became friends.

Tolkien wrote the later story in much less humorous tones and infused it with more complex moral and philosophical themes.

On the association between the two ' Inklings ' societies, Tolkien later said " although our habit was to read aloud compositions of various kinds ( and lengths!

* The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but they were not explicitly dated: DTS 16, DTS 17, DTS 18 – Elvish Script Sample I, II, III, with parts of the English poems Errantry and Bombadil, first published in the Silmarillion Calendar 1978, later in Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien, as well as DTS 23 – So Lúthien, a page of the English Lay of Leithan text facsimiled in The Lays of Beleriand: 299.

Tolkien wrote, many years later: " it was like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before.

When writing The Hobbit in the early 1930s Tolkien gave the name Gandalf to the leader of the Dwarves, the character later called Thorin Oakenshield.

Tolkien later assigned this name to an ancient king who had ordered some spears from the dwarves.

Tolkien explicitly links Gandalf to the element Fire later in the same essay:

There he learnt a lot about writing and editing, and later admitted of Tolkien's influence, " to be successful in fantasy, you have to take the measure of Tolkien — work with his strengths and away from his weaknesses ".

Textual history was traced by Christopher Tolkien in the volumes of The History of Middle-earth, and the overall subject has gained attention among later researchers and fans.

The word tarlang means " stiff neck " in Sindarin, and was stated by Tolkien to have originally been the name of the mountain ridge, later interpreted by folk as a personal name .</ div >

As he later recalled, Tolkien thought about " adventures " that the Company would meet on their way to Mordor and considered employing " Stone-Men " as one of them ; other preserved notes mention a " city of stone and civilized men ", its siege and a " Land of Ond ".

By the time Tolkien began rewriting " The Council of Elrond " a year later, he had developed a story that Aragorn's ancestors were in past Kings in Boromir's hometown.

While working upon the " Homeric catalogue ", as he called it, of the reinforcements coming to Minas Tirith, Tolkien devised the names Lossarnach, Anfalas, Lamedon and Pinnath Gelin, all of which appear on a new version of the map in final locations with the exception of Lamedon, first placed in northern Lebennin and later moved westward.

The appendices to The Lord of the Rings were brought to a finished state in 1953 – 54, but a decade later, during preparations for the release of the Second Edition, Tolkien elaborated the events that had led to the Kin-strife and introduced the regency of Rómendacil II.

Along with a few words in Khuzdul, Tolkien also developed runes of his own invention ( the Cirth ), said to have been invented by Elves and later adopted by the Dwarves.

The most Dwarf-centric story from The Book of Lost Tales, " The Nauglafring ", was not redrafted to fit with the later positive portrayal of the dwarves from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, nor other events in the Silmarillion, leading Christopher Tolkien significantly to rewrite it with input from Guy Gavriel Kay in preparation for publication.

While studying at Oxford, Tolkien developed a constructed language that later became known as Quenya.

It may be that Tolkien conceived the Elvish word Arda as the fictional prehistoric source of such words in later Mannish languages.

However, it is unclear if this is the case, and it appears that Tolkien may have dropped the use of " vanya " as a verb in his later conceptions of Quenya.

Dragons will be still present but they will not interfere until later ages according to letter 144 of Tolkien.

While Tolkien originally described Middle-earth as a fictional early history of the real Earth he later adjusted this slightly to describe it as a mythical time within the history of Earth.

But this is not borne out in any of the later genealogies that Tolkien left behind.

He called Professor Tolkien in 1964 and asked if he could publish Lord of the Rings as Ace paperbacks.

Tolkien said he would never allow Lord of the Rings, his great work, to appear in ' so degenerate a form ’ as the paperback book.

Jacob Grimm in his Deutsches Wörterbuch deplored the " unhochdeutsch " form Elf, borrowed " unthinkingly " from the English, and Tolkien was inspired by Grimm to recommend reviving the genuinely German form in his Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings ( 1967 ) and Elb, Elben was consequently reintroduced in the 1972 German translation of The Lord of the Rings.

* The Red Book of Westmarch and a surviving copy of it called The Thain's Book, portions of which were " translated " by J. R. R. Tolkien into his books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Probably the most famous user of proverbs in novels is J. R. R. Tolkien in his The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings series.

* 2009 – J. R. R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings

Tolkien get fair recompense in America for pirated sales of The Lord of the Rings.

Many of the thematic and stylistic differences arose because Tolkien wrote The Hobbit as a story for children, and The Lord of the Rings for the same audience, who had subsequently grown up since its publication.

One of the most popular " trilogies " of fantasy books, The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, is not a trilogy, though it is often referred to as such.

In the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, the journal of Isildur reveals that he justified taking the One Ring as a weregild for the deaths of his father ( Elendil ) and brother ( Anárion ) in battle.

* January 3 – J. R. R. Tolkien, professor and author of The Lord of the Rings ( d. 1973 )

But the decision to use Old Norse names came to have far-reaching consequences in the composition of The Lord of the Rings ; in 1942, Tolkien decided that the work was to be a purported translation from the fictional language of Westron, and in the English translation Old Norse names were taken to represent names in the language of Dale.

Tolkien explains this in his Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings ( 1967 ) to prospective translators.

Gandalf's role and importance was substantially increased in the conception of The Lord of the Rings, and in a letter of 1954, Tolkien refers to Gandalf as an " angel incarnate ".

In " Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age " ( in The Silmarillion ) and " The Istari " ( in Unfinished Tales ), Tolkien fleshes out the background and the history briefly tabulated by date in Appendix B of The Lord of the Rings.

At the time he was cast, McKellen had never read any of Tolkien's works, but he quickly developed his knowledge of The Lord of the Rings and based his accent on Tolkien.

Although Tolkien never gave a fully complete description of the Wargs ( he simply noted that they were demonic wolves ), they do seem to have a regular wolf-appearance in both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and they are regularly called " wolves.

They feature prominently in The Lord of the Rings Online, an MMO based on the works of Tolkien.

While The Hobbit introduced this comfortable race to the world, it is only in writing The Lord of the Rings that Tolkien developed details of their history and wider society.

In the prologue to The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien writes that Hobbits are between two and four feet ( 0. 61 – 1. 22 m ) tall, the average height being three feet six inches ( 1. 07 m ).

Tolkien does not describe Hobbits ' ears in The Hobbit or The Lord of the Rings, but in a 1938 letter to his American publisher, he described Hobbits as having " ears only slightly pointed and ' elvish '".

Frodo becomes in some ways the symbolic representation of the conscience of Hobbits, a point made explicitly in the story " Leaf by Niggle " which Tolkien wrote at the same time as the first nine chapters of The Lord of the Rings.

Tolkien describes them as " fell beasts ", though Tolkien applies the adjective fell (" fierce, cruel ") to a variety of other creatures throughout The Lord of the Rings — even at one point to Gandalf.