Leo Tolstoy, on the other hand, claims that what decides whether or not something is art is how it is experienced by its audience, not by the intention of its creator.

Writers like Dickens and Tolstoy, painters like Turner, and musicians like Brahms were not radicals or " Bohemians ", but were instead valued members of society who produced art that added to society, even when critiquing its less desirable aspects.

" Tolstoy asserted that " these words not only have no definite meaning, but they hinder us from giving any definite meaning to existing art ….

; 1897 ) is an essay by Leo Tolstoy in which he argues against numerous aesthetic theories which define art in terms of the good, truth, and especially beauty.

According to Tolstoy, art must create a specific emotional link between artist and audience, one that " affects " the viewer.

This aesthetic conception led Tolstoy to widen the criteria of what exactly a work of art is.

Tolstoy offers an example of this: a boy that has experienced fear after an encounter with a wolf later relates that experience, infecting the hearers and compelling them to feel the same fear that he had experienced — that is a perfect example of a work of art.

Furthermore, Tolstoy also believed that art that appeals to the upper class will feature emotions that are peculiar to the concerns of that class.

However, since Christianity does not embrace these values ( and in some sense values the opposite, the meek and humble ), Tolstoy believes that it is unfitting for people in his society to continue to embrace the Greek tradition of art.

Following Tolstoy ’ s initiative, in 1885 Chertkov organized and financed a publishing house called Intermediary () which specialized in the release of art and moralizing literature for people.

Brushing aside the ' decadent ' tag, the author argued that all three " streaks of Modern art " — " Mystic essence, Symbolic language and Impressionism " — could be easily traced down to the works of Tolstoy or Dostoyevsky, Russian Modernism, therefore, being nothing more or less than a continuation of the Russian literature's classic tradition.

Journalist Bee Wilson states that the image of a community of honey bees " occurs from ancient to modern times, in Aristotle and Plato ; in Virgil and Seneca ; in Erasmus and Shakespeare ; Tolstoy, as well as by social theorists Bernard Mandeville and Karl Marx.

Soldiers before this time had written treatises on various military subjects, but none had undertaken a great philosophical examination of war on the scale of those written by Clausewitz and Leo Tolstoy, both of which were inspired by the events of the Napoleonic Era.

A 1927 Soviet poster advertising the 1924 movie Aelita: Queen of Mars, based on the novel by Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy | Aleksey Tolstoy.

For this and other reasons, including a belief by many Mormons in American exceptionalism, Molly Worthen speculates that this may be why Leo Tolstoy described Mormonism as the " quintessential ' American religion '".

After having spoken to Maxim Rudometkin, Tolstoy found no basis for his life imprisonment, and so by favor of the Grand Duke, had him reassigned closer to his home at the Suzdal Monastery prison where he remained for 9 years.

* War and Peace ( 1869 ) by Leo Tolstoy

The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views.

Capturing them, he decided against hanging them ( apparently yielding to established law procedures in place of vigilante justice ), and sending his foreman back by boat, he took the thieves back overland for trial in Dickinson, guarding them forty hours without sleep and reading Tolstoy to keep himself awake.

Andrey Kharitonovich Tolstoy was in turn a great-grandson of some Indris who was " a man of distinguished ancestry " who came from " the Germans, the Caesar's lands " ( the Holy Roman Empire ) to Chernigov, accompanied by his sons Litvinos and Zimonten and a force of 3000 men.

It was Okolnichi Peter Andreevich Tolstoy who decided the family fortune by casting his lot with the party of Peter the Great.

Although detested by contemporaries, Tolstoy was made a count for his part in securing the throne for Catherine I.

Count Feodor Petrovich Tolstoy ( 1783 – 1873 ), sympathetically mentioned by Pushkin in Eugene Onegin, was one of the most fashionable Russian drawers and painters of the 1820s.

Tolkien, by science fiction writers like Philip K. Dick, by central figures of Western literature like Leo Tolstoy, Virgil and The Brontë sisters, and including feminist writers like Virginia Woolf, by children's literature like Alice in Wonderland, The Wind in the Willows and The Jungle Book, by Norse mythology, and by books from the Eastern tradition such as the Tao Te Ching.

As he had no male issue, his estates passed to the Tolstoy family ( one of his five daughters, Praskovia, had married Matvei Feodorovich Tolstoy ).

“ In the whole of world literature ," said Tammsaare, I have never read anything to compare to the Russians … there is no one to compare to Tolstoy, Dostoievsky or Gogol " … Dostoievsky “ really disturbed me: I lived in a waking dream under his influence.

Tolstoy recounted challenges by people of all classes that his views on non-resistance were wrong, but argued that no matter how the challengers tried to attack the doctrine, its essence could not be overcome.

no: Viktoria Tolstoy

Comparing Gandhi with Leo Tolstoy during the year he died, Pal noted that Tolstoy ' was an honest philosophical anarchist ' while Gandhi remained in his eyes as ' a papal autocrat ' Firm and ethically grounded, not only did he perceive the ' Congress Babel ' in terms of its shortsightedness in late 1920s or, Congress as an instance of repudiating debt's folly, composed of a generation ' that knows no Joseph ', Pal's critical comments should be located in context, since nobody can jump out of his skin of time.

Count Leo Tolstoy said he found out " there was no God " in 1838 when he was 12 years old.

The Mountain Goats song " Family Happiness " takes its name from the novella and includes the line " Started quoting Tolstoy into the machine / I had no idea what you meant ".

Nikolai Tolstoy also possesses an extensive collection of O ' Brian manuscript material, including the second half of Hussein, several short stories, much of the reportedly " lost " book on Bestiaries, letters, diaries, journals, notes, poems, book reviews, and several unpublished short stories ( Tolstoy, various pages ).

Christianity and Christian symbolism are also important themes, notably in the works of Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy and Chekhov.

Other than Tolstoy, the residents were also influenced by the views of Henry George and Edward Bellamy.

Michael Wynne-Parker had been Principal Secretary from the late 1970s, and following the Marquess of Bristol's death also became the league's Acting Chancellor until 1987 when Count Nikolai Tolstoy was appointed to that position.

There are also Christians anarchists, such as Tolstoy and Hennacy, who do not see the need to integrate Paul's teachings into their subversive way of life.

In addition to literary criticism and biographies about such authors as Laurence Sterne, Maxim Gorky, Leo Tolstoy, and Vladimir Mayakovsky, he wrote a number of semi-autobiographical works disguised as fiction, which also served as experiments in his developing theories of literature.

The writer Leo Tolstoy was also emotionally affected by the incident.

He also drew his illustrations based on literary models of epic world writers and novelists like Alex Tolstoy, Zane Grey, August Šenoa, Jack London, B. Traven, Max Brand, and H. G. Wells.

A well-traveled and well-read person who counted among her friends Leo Tolstoy and Havelock Ellis, she also visited Sweden and from her trips to schools there she brought back the idea of teaching children domestic crafts, thus single-handedly establishing shop and home economics classes in the United States.

Sobornost was also used by Leo Tolstoy as an underpinning to the ideology of Christian anarchism.

* Laura Wade's Kreutzer vs. Kreutzer is also inspired by Tolstoy.

However this also released her from the distress of the isolation she experienced when Tolstoy grew distant from family concerns and devoted himself to the Christian anarchist-pacifism which shaped his last years.

Yiddish New York theatergoers were familiar with the plays of Ibsen, Tolstoy, and even Shaw long before these works played on Broadway, and the high calibre of Yiddish language acting became clear as Yiddish actors began to cross over to Broadway, first with Jacob Adler's tour de force performance as Shylock in a 1903 production of The Merchant of Venice, but also with performers such as Bertha Kalich, who moved back and forth between the city's leading Yiddish-language and English-language stages.

Ivan the Fool ( also known as " Ivan the Fool and his Two Brothers ") is an 1886 short story ( in fact, a literary fairy tale ) by Leo Tolstoy, published in 1886.

Pyotr Tolstoy is the author of a sketch of the impressions made upon him by Western Europe during his tour in the years 1697 – 1698 and also of a detailed description of the Black Sea.

His later works show the lasting influence of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Leo Tolstoy but he also felt attracted to the philosophy of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and the French mutualist anarchism of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the socialist anarchism theories of Mikhail Bakunin and especially the communist anarchism of Peter Kropotkin.

Solovyov received sacramental last holy communion from Father Tolstoy believing that in doing so he remained also a faithful member of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Baumann was also an accomplished translator, having translated numerous books from Russian to German, including works by Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Anna Akhmatova and others.

* What I Believe, a book by Leo Tolstoy also known as My Religion

St. Spyridon is also the patron saint of the Tolstoy family.

He was also known to Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky.