Aquatic Toxicology Tests ( biassays ): Toxicity tests are used to provide qualitative and quantitative data on adverse ( deleterious ) effects on organisms from a toxicant.

Toxicity occurs at about ten times normal dosages ; these drugs are often lethal in overdoses, as they may cause a fatal arrhythmia.

* ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Beryllium Toxicity U. S. Department of Health and Human Services

* ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Chromium Toxicity U. S. Department of Health and Human Services

Toxicity of lithium led to several deaths of patients undergoing lithium treatment.

Toxicity likely plays a role in protecting the function of the basidiocarp: the mycelium has expended considerable energy and protoplasmic material to develop a structure to efficiently distribute its spores.

Toxicity is species-specific, lending cross-species analysis problematic.

* ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Lead Toxicity U. S. Department of Health and Human Services

Often, the individual consumes about 3-4 times the RDA's specification Toxicity of vitamin A is believed to be associated with the intervention methods used to upgrade vitamin A levels in the body such as food modification, fortification and supplementation, all of which are employed to combat vitamin A deficiency Toxicity is classified into two categories: acute and chronic toxicities.

Shavo is credited with writing noted System of a Down songs, among them " Toxicity ", " Sugar ," " Jet-Pilot ", " Bounce ," " Mind ," " Dreaming ," and " U Fig.

Toxicity is treated with diazepam and sometimes other anticonvulsants.

* Rood, T. ( 2001 ) Walnut and It's Toxicity Explored, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Cornell University webpage, accessed 20 April 2008

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism.

Toxicity is species-specific, lending cross-species analysis problematic.

Toxicity tests by Dow Corning shows the solvent to increase the incidence of tumors in female rats ( no effects were seen in male rats ), but further research concluded that the effects observed in rats are not relevant to humans because the biological pathway that results in tumor formation is unique to rats.

The following year Draize joined the FDA, and was soon promoted to head of the Dermal and Ocular Toxicity Branch where he was charged with developing methods for testing the side effects of cosmetic products.

Animals and Alternatives in Toxicity Testing.

* ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Beryllium Toxicity U. S. Department of Health and Human Services

Toxicity from propylene glycol has been reported in the case of a patient receiving a continuous lorazepam infusion.

* ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Nitrate / Nitrite Toxicity U. S. Department of Health and Human Services ( public domain )

A review of fourteen studies on the subject in sub-Saharan Africa, covering insecticide-treated nets, residual spraying, chemoprophylaxis for children, chemoprophylaxis or intermittent treatment for pregnant women, a hypothetical vaccine, and changing front – line drug treatment, found decision making limited by the gross lack of information on the costs and effects of many interventions, the very small number of cost-effectiveness analyses available, the lack of evidence on the costs and effects of packages of measures, and the problems in generalizing or comparing studies that relate to specific settings and use different methodologies and outcome measures.

The integration of digital video, global positioning systems ( GPS ) and automated image processing will improve the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of data collection and reduction.

Modern clinical guidelines identify, summarize and evaluate the highest quality evidence and most current data about prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, therapy including dosage of medications, risk / benefit and cost-effectiveness.

Routine immunization with BCG was withdrawn in 2005 because of falling cost-effectiveness: whereas in 1953, 94 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB, by 1988, the annual incidence of TB in the UK had fallen so much, 12, 000 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB.

The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of maintenance chiropractic care are unknown.

The two cost-effectiveness estimates of DDT residual spraying examined were not found to provide an accurate estimate of the cost-effectiveness of DDT spraying ; furthermore, the resulting estimates may not be good predictors of cost-effectiveness in current programs.

A more comprehensive approach to measuring cost-effectiveness or efficacy of malarial control would not only measure the cost in dollars of the project, as well as the number of people saved, but would also consider ecological damage and negative aspects of insecticide use on human health.

There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency.

Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines.

Their flexibility and cost-effectiveness make mines attractive to the less powerful belligerent in asymmetric warfare.

These new paints are widely available and meet or exceed the old high-VOC products in performance and cost-effectiveness while having significantly less impact on human and environmental health.

Another argument in favor of school choice is based on cost-effectiveness.

is changing rapidly due to the increasing cost-effectiveness of 2nd and 3rd generation systems from Illumina, 454, ABI, Helicos & Dover.

( The idea of a major breakthrough with FS technology was dropped in the mid-1970s for cost-effectiveness and continuity reasons.

Moreover, current ( 2011 ) market situation for robotic equipment is a de-facto monopoly of one publicly held corporation which further fuels the cost-effectiveness controversy.

Further, reliability engineering and maintainability involve processes designed to optimize availability under a set of constraints, such as time and cost-effectiveness.

* Powers, M. and Faden, R. " Inequalities in health, inequalities in health care: four generations of discussion about justice and cost-effectiveness analysis ," Kennedy.

The focus of many recycling programs done by industry is the cost-effectiveness of recycling.

Despite these risks, pregnant women are not routinely screened for toxoplasmosis in most countries ( France, Austria, Uruguay, and Italy being the exceptions ) for reasons of cost-effectiveness and the high number of false positives generated.

The product ( s ) had to be easy to use and maintain, portable, replicable, scalable, and immediately affordable, and they had to have a high probability of success with long-term cost-effectiveness.

A common industry view ( unsupported by empirical evidence ) is that comparative cost-effectiveness research ( CER ) is a form of price control which, by reducing returns to industry, limits R & D expenditure, stifles future innovation and compromises new products access to markets.

The Australian academic Thomas Alured Faunce has developed the case that national comparative cost-effectiveness assessment systems should be viewed as measuring ' health innovation ' as an evidence-based concept distinct from valuing innovation through the operation of competitive markets ( a method which requires strong anti-trust laws to be effective ) on the basis that both methods of assessing innovation in pharmaceuticals are mentioned in annex 2C. 1 of the AUSFTA.