Toynbee argues that as civilizations decay, there is a " schism " within the society.

Toynbee argues two possibilities: they might all merge with Western Civilization, or Western civilization might develop a ' Universal State ' after its ' Time of Troubles ', decay, and die.

Toynbee, in his Study of History, argues for a link between The Birds and the New Testament.

However, where Toynbee argues that the root cause of collapse is the decay of a society's " creative minority " into " a position of inherited privilege which it has ceased to merit ", Diamond ascribes more weight to conscious minimization of environmental factors.

Toynbee rejected Spengler's biological model of civilizations as organisms with a typical life span of 1, 000 years.

McNeill wrote The Rise of the West ( 1965 ) to improve upon Toynbee by showing how the separate civilizations of Eurasia interacted from the very beginning of their history, borrowing critical skills from one another, and thus precipitating still further change as adjustment between traditional old and borrowed new knowledge and practice became necessary.

Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH ( 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975 ) was a British historian whose twelve-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, A Study of History, 1934 – 1961, was a synthesis of world history, a metahistory based on universal rhythms of rise, flowering and decline, which examined history from a global perspective.

Toynbee rejected Spengler's biological model of civilizations as organisms with a typical life span of 1, 000 years.

Of the 21 civilizations Toynbee identified, sixteen were dead by 1940 and four of the remaining five were under severe pressure from the one named Western Christendom-or simply The West.

Toynbee presented history as the rise and fall of civilizations, rather than the history of nation-states or of ethnic groups.

" For Toynbee, civilizations were not intangible or unalterable machines but a network of social relationships within the border and therefore subject to both wise and unwise decisions they made.

Following Toynbee and others ( Spengler, Kroeber, Sorokin, Cochrane ), Innis examined the flourishing of civilizations in terms of administration of empires and media of communication.

A Study of History is the 12-volume magnum opus of British historian Arnold J. Toynbee, finished in 1961, in which the author traces the development and decay of all of the major world civilizations in the historical record.

Toynbee applies his model to each of these civilizations, detailing the stages through which they all pass: genesis, growth, time of troubles, universal state, and disintegration.

The major civilizations, as Toynbee sees them, are: Egyptian, Andean, Sinic, Minoan, Sumerian, Mayan, Indic, Hittite, Hellenic, Western, Orthodox Christian ( Russia ), Far Eastern, Orthodox Christian ( main body ), Persian, Arabic, Hindu, Mexican, Yucatec, and Babylonic.

The following table lists the 23 civilizations identified by Toynbee in the book.

This table does not include what Toynbee terms primitive societies, arrested civilizations, or abortive civilizations.

:* Arnold J. Toynbee: Toynbee wrote a similar comparative study of the rise and decline of civilizations, A Study of History, somewhat concurrently with Spengler, which was released much later, around the conclusion of World War II.

The most important and lasting theorist, however, was Arnold J. Toynbee and his treatment of the great civilizations as organic wholes which were born, matured, grew old, and died.

Arnold J. Toynbee in A Study of History ( 1934 – 1961 ) also studied the collapse of civilizations.

Diamond agrees with Toynbee that " civilizations die from suicide, not by murder " when they fail to meet the challenges of their times.

Spengler's work is more general ; Toynbee created a theory that would allow the study of " civilizations " to proceed with integration of source-based history writing and Universal History writing.

The Rise had a major impact on historical analysis, challenging the view of civilizations as independent entities subject to rise and fall, such as developed by Arnold J. Toynbee and Oswald Spengler.

His thought is related to the ideas of Oswald Spengler and Arnold J. Toynbee, who also stated theories on the cyclical character of civilizations, but without reaching the more exact, mathematical measure expounded by Deulofeu.

Even Professor Arnold Toynbee, agreeing with his son, does so in these terms: `` Compared to continuing to incur a constant risk of the destruction of the human race, all other evils are lesser evils.

The correspondence between Walpole and Madame du Deffand thus remains one-sided, but seven of Walpole's letters to her are printed for the first time in the edition ( 1903 ) of his correspondence by Mrs Paget Toynbee, who discovered a quantity of her unedited letters.

Included in this school are: William Whewell, Richard Jones, Walter Bagehot, Thorold Rogers, Arnold Toynbee and William Cunningham just to name a few.

The Toynbee tiles ( also called Toynbee plaques ) are messages of mysterious origin found embedded in asphalt of streets in about two dozen major cities in the United States and four South American capitals.

Among her sculptures are one in the Toynbee Hall in Whitechapel, and one of St. Joan in the garden of George Bernard Shaw ’ s house in Ayot St Lawrence in Hertfordshire, where Shaw and the Winstens were neighbours ( Stephen already had connections with Shaw ).

The work of Oswald Spengler and Arnold J. Toynbee are two examples of attempts to integrate primary source-based history and Universal History.

Examples of the earliest settlements dating back to 1884 are Aston-Mansfield, Toynbee Hall, and Oxford House in Bethnal Green.

Toynbee was born in London, the son of the physician Joseph Toynbee, a pioneering otolaryngologist.

Mary Louisa Toynbee, known as Polly Toynbee ( born 27 December 1946 ) is a British journalist and writer, and has been a columnist for The Guardian newspaper since 1998.

Polly Toynbee was born on the Isle of Wight, the second daughter of the literary critic Philip Toynbee ( by his first wife Anne ), granddaughter of the historian Arnold J. Toynbee, and great-great niece of philanthropist and economic historian Arnold Toynbee, after whom Toynbee Hall in the East End of London is named.

He was born in Oxford ; his father was the historian Arnold J. Toynbee, and his maternal grandfather was Gilbert Murray.

Henry Toynbee and sailed out to Australia as a young bride in 1855.

In October 2010 Toynbee was criticised for an article in The Guardian in which she said the government's benefits changes would drive many poor people out of London and could be seen as a " final solution " for their situation.

The community quickly became a commune when Toynbee, Sally and their youngest daughter moved out, into a large cottage nearby.

Historians generally accept the comparison of particular institutions ( banking, women's rights, ethnic identities ) in different societies, but since the hostile reaction to Toynbee in the 1950s, generally do not pay much attention to sweeping comparative studies that cover wide swaths of the world over many centuries.

Like Sima Qian, Toynbee explained decline as due to their moral failure.

Toynbee explained decline as due to their moral failure.

Davidson had intended being ordained but had undergone a crisis of conscience due to church opposition to the work of the Toynbee Hall Mission in the East End of London.