Tribunals can be considered the lowest rung of the court hierarchy in England and Wales.

If an application for disability pension is denied, an appeal can be made for reconsideration, and then to the Canada Pension Plan / Old Age Security Review Tribunals or Pension Appeals Boards ( POA ).

Tribunals can consist of one or more people.

In Bangladesh, the word " tribunal " is used to refer the court which are formed for some special purposes. There are several tribunals in Bangladesh. These have been set up to ensure speedy trial and to reduce the congestion of the cases in the normal Courts. Beside this, Article 117 of the Constitution Of The People's Republic of Bangladesh empowers the parliament to set up one or more Administrative Tribunals by law. No Court can entertain any proceeding or make any order in respect of any matter falling within the jurisdiction of such tribunal.

The claim must be lodged using the prescribed form ET1 which can be obtained from the Employment Tribunals Service.

There are also Tribunals having Civil Jurisdiction.

Former Taoisaighs Charles Haughey and Bertie Ahern were also brought before Tribunals to explain their acceptance of very large personal donations of money to them by private businessmen.

Apparently, the Commission was not interested only in the facts of the Malmedy massacre trial, but had also to deal with other cases judged by the International Military Tribunals ( in fact mainly American ) in Europe.

It was also then that, through Pătrăşcanu and Alexandru Drăghici, the Communists consecrated their control of the legal system — the process included the creation of the Romanian People's Tribunals, charged with investigating war crimes, and constantly supported by agitprop in the Communist press.

After the ascension of the Petru Groza government, Pătrăşcanu was also one of the initiators of purges and persecutions, being responsible for dismissing and arresting members of the civil service who were considered suspect, for the creation of the Romanian People's Tribunals, as well as the appointment of prosecutors ( promoting Avram Bunaciu, Constanţa Crăciun, and Alexandra Sidorovici ).

She also created the National Zoo Authority to regulate zoos, set up Environmental Tribunals, notified protection for old monuments as Heritage sites, introduced testing and controls for vehicular pollution, devised the comparative testing scheme Eco-Mark for environmentally friendly products, formed the Vivisection Regulatory Committee to eliminate duplicative animal research, and set up the Animal Welfare Board of India.

Tribunals may also be set up in accordance with local conditions.

The unit also provides assistance and co-operation to other countries, Tribunals and Special Courts, in the field of Witness Protection.

The Court also ruled that the Combatant Status Review Tribunals were " inadequate ".

This court also hears appeals from the Lands Tribunal and various Tribunals and Statutory Bodies.

** Nuremberg Military Tribunals, a series of military tribunals that took place after World War II

Having been brought to Guantanamo from black sites, the new prisoners were accorded a new series of Combatant Status Review Tribunals, to determine whether the captives met the new definition of an " enemy combatant ".

The Subsequent Nuremberg Trials ( more formally, the Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals ) were a series of twelve U. S. military tribunals for war crimes against surviving members of the military, political, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany, held in the Palace of Justice, Nuremberg, after World War II from 1946 to 1949 following the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal ( IMT ).

The EOC helped large numbers of individuals bring cases to Employment Tribunals and to the courts.

* The Courts and Tribunals ( but excluding individual cases )

He was initially assigned to the prosecution of the German General Staff and the High Command, preparing cases against Walther von Brauchitsch, Heinz Guderian, and Erhard Milch for trial before Nuremberg Military Tribunals.

The CRC, along with international criminal accountability mechanisms such as the International Criminal Court, the Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone, is said to have significantly increased the profile of children's rights worldwide.

The leading law journals of Pakistan are published by PLD Publishers from Lahore, namely PLD, SCMR, CLC, PCrLJ, PTD, PLC, CLD, YLR The most comprehensive law book is the " Pakistan Law Decisions " ( PLD ), which contains judgments from the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the various provincial High Courts, the Service, Professional and Election Tribunals as well as the superior courts of territories such as Azad Kashmir.

Thus, the tribunals themselves are modeled after the procedures — AR 190-8 Tribunals — the military uses to make determinations in compliance with the Article 5 of the Third Geneva Convention ( that states " Should any doubt arise as to whether persons, having committed a belligerent act and having fallen into the hands of the enemy, belong to any of the categories enumerated in Article 4, such persons shall enjoy the protection of the present Convention until such time as their status has been determined by a competent tribunal.

One such interruption occurred in 1947-1948 when he was appointed as a judge for the United States Military Tribunals in Nuremberg, and presided over the IG Farben Trial.

Indeed, the Act repealed the entirety Tribunals of Inquiry ( Evidence ) Act 1921 which had allowed Parliament to vote on a resolution establishing a tribunal that had " all such powers, rights, and privileges as are vested in the High Court " and placed the power solely under the control of a Minister.

Tribunals of Inquiry are invested with the powers, privileges and rights of the Irish High Court.

Army Judge Colonel Peter Brownback, and US Navy Judge Captain Keith J. Allred, ruled that the men's Combatant Status Review Tribunals had merely confirmed the men's enemy combatants status ; while the Military Commissions Act only gave the Guantanamo Military Commissions the authority to try " unlawful enemy combatants ", they lacked the jurisdiction to try the men.

Ismail Khan, like Afghan Minister of Defense Rahim Wardak, was one of the high profile Afghans that those conducting the Tribunals ruled were " not reasonably available " to give a statement on a captive's behalf because they could not be located.

The United Nations Security Council called upon the Tribunal to finish its work by 31 December 2014 to prepare for its closure and transfer of its responsibilities to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals which will begin functioning for the ICTY branch on 1 July 2013.

The Judiciary power is vested on Tribunals and Courts of Civil Law and a nine-member Supreme Court of Justice, all of them independent of the executive and the legislature.

The United Nations Security Council called upon the tribunal to finish its work by 31 December 2014 to prepare for its closure and transfer of its responsibilities to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals which will begin functioning for the ICTR branch on 1 July 2012.

In 2005, Arbour was awarded the Thomas J. Dodd Prize in International Justice and Human Rights, along with Justice Richard Goldstone, in recognition of her work on the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.

In addition the US Supreme Court invalidated this premise, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, by ruling that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applies to detainees in the War on Terror, and that the Military Tribunals used to try these suspects were in violation of US and international law.

It was created on 4 April 2005, replacing the former Immigration Appellate Authority ( IAA ), and fell under the administration of the Tribunals Service.

At their meeting on 16 July 2009, the States of Deliberation resolved to establish a Tribunal by the Tribunals of Inquiry ( Evidence )( Guernsey ) Law, 1949, as amended to inquire into the facts and circumstances of the industrial action by the Airport Fire Fighters at Guernsey Airport during May 2009, including the circumstances in which the dispute was resolved.

In Canada, paralegals are legal agents who have the ability to represent on many matters, including all Provincial Offences, work for Provincial Tribunals and Boards, as well as Summary Criminal Cases.

In terms of court reform, Djanogly's two key achievements were ; firstly, the merger of HM Courts Service with the Tribunals Service to create HMCTS on 1 April 2011.

* Project on International Courts and Tribunals, which maintains a second website focused on Africa at

* United Nations Rule of Law: Tribunals & Other Mechanisms, on the relationship between international courts and the rule of law.

He stated at a cabinet meeting on March 7, 1945, for example, that the government sought to guarantee safety and order for the population, implement desired land reform policies, and focus on a " swift cleanup " of the state bureaucracy and immediate prosecution of war criminals, i. e. officials of the Fascist wartime regime of Ion Antonescu ( see Romania during World War II and Romanian People's Tribunals ).

He quashed the Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunals ) Act on migrants to Assam.

When Jackson resigned his position as prosecutor after the first ( and only ) trial before the IMT and returned to the U. S., Taylor was promoted to Brigadier General and succeeded him on October 17, 1946, as Chief Counsel for the remaining twelve trials before the U. S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals.

Tribunals may be dubious of dismissals of long serving employees with a clean HR record on grounds of some minor or irrelevant offence years ago.

, the Tribunal continues in existence but was described by the Council on Tribunals in 2006 as " Rarely Convened / Moribund ".

Distraint will be abolished in the UK when the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, s. 71 comes into force, replacing the remedy, solely for leases on commercial property, by a statutory system of Commercial Rent Arrears Recovery ( CRAR ).

In addition the Supreme Court of the United States invalidated this premise, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, by ruling that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applies to detainees in the War on Terror, and that the Military Tribunals used to try these suspects were in violation of US and international law.

He has been a member of various bodies, including the Scottish Legal Aid Board, the Council on Tribunals, the Parole Board for Scotland, the Secretary of State's Criminal Justice Forum and the Stewart Committee on Alternatives to Prosecution.