Between 1817 and 1837 the stud added Arabian, Thoroughbred, and Turkish or Turkoman horse blood to their horses.

Many theories have been formulated to explain why hair of the Turkomen and its descendants shines, but none explain why the Turkoman horses in particular benefitted from this genetic difference and why other horses would not.

Here, however, the similarities between the Turkoman of Central Asia and the Arabians of the Nejd desert lands of Central Arabia end, and the horses begin to diverge to suit their environments and the fighting styles of their breeders.

The reason for this may likely to be that when riding long distances, the Turkoman was expected to trot, and the Arabian was not ; the Bedouin tended to ride camels over long distances, leading their war horses, saving them for raiding, which was primarily done at the gallop.

The Turkoman horses were fed a special high-protein diet of broiled chicken, barley, dates, raisins, alfalfa, and mutton fat.

It may have been from these horses that the Muniq ' i strain of Arabian arose, a strain with known crosses to Turkoman horses some time during the 17th century.

The Kabarda breed was formed from a combination of steppe horses, the Karabakh, the Arabian and the Turkoman.

When the Moguls captured northern India in the early 16th century they brought Turkoman horses that were probably used to supplement the breeding of the Marwari.

" What Moorcroft coveted most were the Turkoman horses, with their pale golden coats, narrow chests, long necks and sturdy legs.

They are generally not as fine or as expensive as either the Persian products or the Turkoman tribal rugs from further north, but they are generally more authentic than the copies of Turkoman and Persian designs often found in the major cities of Pakistan.

* Turkoman horse, or Turkmene, an extinct breed of horse from Turkmenistan

A member of the Turkoman minority from the city of Kirkuk, Chapouk is also the head of the Iraqi Women's Organization and is an engineer and teacher by training.

A Sunni Muslim and Turkoman, originally from Kirkuk, Omar is an engineer by training and recently returned to Iraq from a period working in Dubai in the field of airport construction.

Dressed as a Turkoman, he intrepidly explored in a hostile country the route from Khiva to Igdy, and also the old bed of the Oxus.

The Turkoman horse, or Turkmene, was an Oriental horse breed from the steppes of Central Asia, now extinct.

After the breakup of the empire, some members of this corps went to the Turkoman beyliks in Anatolia, Shiraz, Khorasan, and through the Mamluks to Yemen and Maghreb states to take up being palace guards.

Claims to the Panjdeh Oasis were in debate, with the Russians keen to take over all the region's Turkoman domains.

This campaign also targeted Shabaks and Yazidis, Assyrians, Turkoman people and Mandeans and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed.

The first fruits of their alliance were a short and successful campaign against Roupen III, on the pretext of harsh treatment of the Turkoman tribes in his territories.

The Qajar armies were composed of a small number of Turkoman bodyguards and Georgian slaves.

Though both the Arabian horse and the Turkoman may have had a common ancestor in the oriental horse prototype, in their purest old forms they were very like one another in some ways and very different in others.

Turkoman stallions were kept for use by the elite palace guards of the Caliph of Baghdad, and that it was these stallions which the Caliph used for breeding with his Arabian mares.

The first Turkoman recorded in England is said by Marvin to have been a stallion brought over by Colonel Valentine Baker, who wished to see it used to breed with the English Thoroughbred.

Thousands of Turkoman tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia.

Merv is inhabited by the Turkoman and Khorezm by Karakalpaks, Uzbeks and Kazakhs.

There are those who believe that this was never done, on either side ; and it may well be that in remote places like the Nejd the core Arabian was kept " pure ," just as the Turkoman would have been kept " pure " by the most remote tribes of Turkmen.

The region was conquered by a succession of neighbouring powers or invaders, including Sassanid Persians, the Byzantine Empire, the Arabs, the Seljuq Turks, the Georgians, the Mongols, the Timurids, the Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu Turkoman tribes, and finally Safavid Iran.

On the other hand, Turkey in Asia contains not less than two million Armenians, the majority of whom still inhabit the ancient territory of their forefathers in the neighborhood of Mount Ararat ; the three eyalets of Erzeroum, Diarbekir and Kurdistan contain many villages peopled entirely by Armenians, and in these provinces, notwithstanding frequent migrations, the Armenians preserve a numerical superiority over the Turkish and Turkoman races.

After the overthrow of Timur in 1386 by Kara Koyunlu federation of Turkoman tribes, the Safavids took control at the beginning of the 16th century.

The Saracens called the crossbow qaws Ferengi, or " Frankish bow ," as the Crusaders used the crossbow against the Arab and Turkoman horsemen with remarkable success.

From the Safavid era onwards, the Turkification of the region accelerated with new wave of Turkoman settlements.

Though much heavier than the Turkoman horse, it may have had some Turkoman ancestry.

Studies of the Turkoman people of Iran, who have a significantly increased incidence of esophageal cancer, have shown some relationship between chronic riboflavin deficiency and the onset of esophageal malignancies.

* 1467: Uzun Hasan defeats the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh.

His offspring include Hall of Fame Eclipse Award Champion Easy Goer ; Alysheba, winner of the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes and the Breeders ' Cup Classic ; Turkoman, Strike the Gold, Criminal Type, Althea, Alydaress, Benchmark, Stella Madrid, and Miss Oceana.

( Turkoman ) Infantriedivision ) and 98th Infantry Division ( 98.

Ismail's advent to power was due to Turkoman tribes of Anatolia and Azerbaijan, who formed the most important part of the Qizilbash movement.

Regional and local radio programmes are broadcast in Arabic, Armenian, Assyrian, Azerbaijani, Baluchi, Bandari, Persian, Kurdish, Mazandarani, Pashtu, Turkoman, Turkish and Urdu.

Hitler also deemed the Bulgarians to be Turkoman in origin.

İn the late 19th century, Sultan Abdulhamid II's palace guards, the Ertuğrul Brigade ( which was composed of nomadic Turkomans of Anatolia ), carried traditional kilijs as a romantic-nationalistic revival of the earlier Ottoman Turkoman cavalry raiders.

The French Anglo-Arab traces back to two stallions: the Arabian stud Massoud and Aslam, a " Turkish " horse, probably of the now-extinct Turkoman or " Turkmene " breed.

The breed is very similar to the now-extinct Turkoman Horse.