Telecommunications in Georgia include three cellular telephone networks of GSM 900 and 1800 standard and two UMTS 2100 standard: MagtiCom LTD, Geocell LTD and Mobitel Georgia Beeline group.

There are three GSM cellular networks ( Orange, Vodafone and Cosmote ) covering more than 85 % of the territory ( about 98 % of the population ), one UMTS only ( Digi. Mobil ) as well as two CDMA networks ( Zapp and Romtelecom ).

UMTS ( and GERAN ) include the three lowest layers of OSI model.

Between 2007 and 2009 all three Finnish carriers begun to use 900 MHz UMTS in a shared arrangement with its surrounding 2G GSM base stations for rural area coverage, a trend that is expected to expand over Europe in the next 1 – 3 years.

It was later accepted by ITU as one of several air interfaces for IMT-2000 and by ETSI as one of three air interfaces for the UMTS.

Thus, the R-UIM card can be inserted into CDMA, GSM, or UMTS handsets, and will work in all three cases.

Exceptions to this include the DECT and PHS micro-cellular systems, UMTS-TDD UMTS variant, and China's TD-SCDMA, which use Time Division duplexing, where different time slots are allocated for the base station and handsets on the same frequency.

UMTS provides several different terrestrial air interfaces, called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access ( UTRA ).

UMTS also specifies the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network ( UTRAN ), which is composed of multiple base stations, possibly using different terrestrial air interface standards and frequency bands.

To enable a high degree of interoperability, UMTS phones usually support several different frequencies in addition to their GSM fallback.

Different countries support different UMTS frequency bands – Europe initially used 2100 MHz while the most carriers in the USA use 850 &# 160 ; MHz and

* the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan, China ( however with a different radio interface ) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure.

The Sharp Jump is different as it is possible to change the network APN, and will work with voice and data anywhere in the world provided the phone is unlocked and a compatible GSM or UMTS network is available.

* the Uu interface, UMTS air interface, which links the User Equipment to UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network in a UMTS network.

Longer term, the 3GPP Long Term Evolution ( LTE ) project plans to move UMTS to 4G speeds of 100 Mbit / s down and 50 Mbit / s up, using a next generation air interface technology based upon orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing.

Unlike the other air interfaces, TD-SCDMA was not part of UMTS from the beginning but has been added in Release 4 of the specification.

Today Sardinia is a phasing-in EU region, featured by a diversified economy, mainly focused on tourism and the tertiary, the economic efforts of last twenty years have reduced the handicap of insularity, for example with low cost air companies and information and informatic technologies, thanks to the CRS4 ( Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia ), which developed the first Italian website, and invented the webmail, in 1995, that brought to the birth of several telecommunication companies and internet service providers based on the island, as Video On Line, in 1993, Tiscali, in 1998 and Andala UMTS, in 1999.

Later, W-CDMA was selected as an air interface for UMTS.

Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access ( TD-SCDMA ) or UTRA / UMTS-TDD 1. 28 Mcps Low Chip Rate ( LCR ), is an air interface found in UMTS mobile telecommunications networks in China as an alternative to W-CDMA.

In GSM / UMTS, the various UTRA standards are air interfaces, and are also ( but not exclusively ) referred to as " access modes ".

Systems based upon CDMA air interfaces such as IS-95 / CDMA2000, and most forms of UMTS, can use a form of implied DTX by usage of a variable rate codec such as AMR.

* Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution ( EDGE ) ( E-GPRS ) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) provide improved radio interfaces with higher data rates, while still being backward compatible with the GSM core network.

Some of the GSM / UMTS Circuit Switched interfaces in the Mobile Switching Center ( MSC ) transported over SS7 include the following:

There are also several GSM / UMTS PS interfaces in the Serving GPRS Support Node ( SGSN ) transported over SS7:

UMTS phones can use a Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM ( based on GSM's SIM ) and also work ( including UMTS services ) with GSM SIM cards.

This allows safe inter frequency handovers, something which is difficult in CDMA systems, not supported at all in IS-95 and supported through complex system additions in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ).

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard.

UMTS specifies a complete network system which uses, covering the radio access network ( UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, or UTRAN ), the core network ( Mobile Application Part, or MAP ) and the authentication of users via SIM cards ( Subscriber Identity Module ).

The technology described in UMTS is sometimes also referred to as Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access ( FOMA ) or 3GSM.

While UMTS2100 is the most widely deployed UMTS band, some countries ' UMTS operators use the 850 MHz and / or 1900 MHz bands ( independently, meaning uplink and downlink are within the same band ), notably in the US by AT & T Mobility, New Zealand by Telecom New Zealand on the XT Mobile Network and in Australia by Telstra on the Next G network.

With Mobile Application Part, UMTS uses the same core network standard as GSM / EDGE.

Both NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank Mobile ( which launched 3G in December 2002 ) now use standard UMTS.

Code Division Multiplex techniques are used as an access technology, namely Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ), in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) standard for the third generation ( 3G ) mobile communication identified by the ITU.

There are currently five companies in Israel which offer cellular communication service ( with network technology used listed in ): Pelephone and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System | UMTS, Cellcom and UMTS, Partner Communications ( Orange ) and UMTS, Mirs ( HOT Mobile ) and Integrated Digital Enhanced Network | iDEN, and Golan Telecom.

An International Mobile Subscriber Identity or IMSI () is a unique identification associated with all GSM, UMTS and LTE network SIM cards.

The International Mobile Equipment Identity or IMEI () is a number, usually unique, to identify 3GPP ( i. e., GSM, UMTS and LTE ) and iDEN mobile phones, as well as some satellite phones.

Telecom announced on 8 June 2007 the intention to build a W-CDMA / UMTS network, to be called XT Mobile Network, based on WCDMA HSPA technology, to replace its current CDMA EV-DO network.

* Mobile broadband internet ( UMTS )

In the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) and 3GPP Long Term Evolution ( LTE ), user equipment ( UE ) is any device used directly by an end-user to communicate.

As of November 2008 the CDMA operations have been moved to China Telecom and UMTS ( Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ) has just launched in major cities across China on May 17, 2009.

It is the basis of Japan's NTT DoCoMo's FOMA service and the most-commonly used member of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) family and sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS.