Under Grimond ( who retired in 1967 ) and his successor, Jeremy Thorpe, the Liberals regained the status of a serious third force in British politics, polling up to 20 % of the vote but unable to break the duopoly of Labour and Conservative and win more than fourteen seats in the Commons.

Under the Labour government of James Callaghan, a review by Lord Beswick had led to the reprieve of the so-called ' Beswick plants ', for social reasons, but subsequent governments were obliged under EU rules to withdraw subsidies.

Under the banner of Christian Social Party, he later on established a one-party dictatorship rule largely modeled after fascism in Italy, banning all other Austrian parties including the Social Democratic Labour Party ( SDAPÖ ).

Under the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown the British Labour Party re-branded itself as New Labour in order to promote the notion that it was less left-wing than it had been in the past.

When Labour came to power in 1997 he was appointed a Parliamentary Under Secretary in the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, and was promoted to Minister of State in the department as Minister for Housing and Planning from 1999 to 2001, and Minister for Local Government 2001-02, and in the again reorganised Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 2002-2005, with special responsibility for local government, English regions, electoral law, fire, health and safety and London.

" Under the Labour government's School Standards and Framework Act 1998, grammar schools were for the first time to be designated by statutory instrument.

* How to Live Under Labour ( 1964 ) as coauthor

Under the Attlee Labour government housing was attached to the portfolio of Health Minister Aneurin Bevan, whose attention was concentrated on his responsibilities for the National Health Service.

Under the influence of Eric Hobsbawm on the opposing wing of the party Martin Jacques became the editor of the party's theoretical journal Marxism Today and rapidly made it a significant publication for Eurocommunist opinions in the party, and eventually for revisionist tendencies in the wider liberal-left, in particular for the soft left around Neil Kinnock in the Labour Party.

Under Neil Kinnock, Labour attempted to widen its electoral support from narrow class divisions.

Under the headline, " Another election ' pledge ' broken ", Militant denounced the increased spending on nuclear weapons and their retention by the Labour Party, contrary to its commitment to nuclear disarmament.

Under the Labour government of the 1970s, Reg Prentice sat in the Cabinet during his term.

Under Kenny the Fine Gael Party agreed to enter a pre-election pact with the Labour Party in order to offer the electorate an alternative coalition government at the 2007 general election held on 24 May.

Under Spring, the Labour Party selected Mary Robinson as its candidate in the 1990 presidential election.

Under Rabbitte the Labour Party agreed to enter a pre-election pact with Fine Gael in an attempt to offer the electorate an alternative coalition government at the 2007 general election, which took place in May 2007.

Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive schools.

Under pressure from its Liberal allies as well as the Conservative opposition, the Labour government appointed a committee to review the state of public finances.

Under Blair, Labour launched a massive PR campaign to rebrand as New Labour, introduced women-only shortlists in certain seats and central vetting of Parliamentary candidates, to ensure that its candidates were seen as on-message.

David Rees, was the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Colonies under the Labour government from 1947 to 1950.

Under the brief government of Joe Clark in 1979-1980, Alexander served as Minister of Labour.

Under his leadership, the Gibraltar Social Democrats were beaten in the general election of December 2011 by their rival party, the Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party, who won said election by 1. 2 %.

Under the leadership of Massimo D ' Alema, the party merged with other minor like-minded movements ( Labour Federation, Social Christians, Republican Left, Unitarian Communists, Reformists for Europe and Democratic Federation ), and took the current name, removing the hammer and sickle from its symbol and substituting it with the red carnation of the Party of European Socialists.

Under Prime Minister P. W.

Under the 1991 constitution, in the event of the president's death, the Prime Minister, the National Assembly president, and the defense minister were to share power until a new election could be held.

Under Mahathir bin Mohamad ’ s long Prime Ministership ( 1981 – 2003 ), Malaysia ’ s political culture became increasingly centralized and authoritarian, due to Mahathir's belief that the multiethnic Malaysia could only remain stable through controlled democracy.

* Ved Mehta, A Family Affair: India Under Three Prime Ministers ( 1982 ) ISBN 0-19-503118-0

Under the leadership of Prime Minister Chief Leabua Jonathan, the ruling Basotho National Party ( BNP ) refused to cede power to the rival Basotholand Congress Party ( BCP ), although the BCP was widely believed to have won the elections.

Under the leadership of Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman ( up to 1970 ), Malaysia pursued a strongly pro-Commonwealth anti-communist foreign policy.

Under Prime Ministers Tun Abdul Razak and Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia shifted its policy towards non-alignment and neutrality.

Under this arrangement Britain might appear to have two executives: the Prime Minister and Sovereign.

Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a 5-year term and named Pascal Lissouba to serve as Prime Minister.

Under the present constitution, the Prime Minister must be a Member of Parliament.

Under these, the powers of Parliament and the Prime Minister were increased at the expense of Presidential power.

Under the circumstances, a joint UAP – Country Party meeting chose Fadden to be his successor as Prime Minister, even though the Country Party was nominally the junior partner in the coalition.

Under Prime Minister Edward Natapei, reform programs have been reintroduced.

** Under the leadership of British Prime Minister Robert Peel, the British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws, replacing the old Colonial mercantile trade system with Free Trade.

Under the Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister's role has evolved, based often on the individual's personal appeal and strength of character, as contrasted between, for example, Winston Churchill as against Clement Attlee, Margaret Thatcher as against John Major.

Under the new powers of the Amsterdam Treaty, Prodi was described by some as the ' First Prime Minister of Europe '.

Under protest, Dom Mintoff resigned as Prime Minister, while Georgio Borg Olivier declined to form an alternative government.

Under Prime Minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home he was President of the Board of Trade and Secretary of State for Industry, Trade and Regional Development, and oversaw the abolition of retail price maintenance.

Prime Minister: Conduct of Policy Under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, 1974 – 79.

Under Liberal caucus rules of the time, a tied vote meant the motion was automatically defeated, and hence Gorton could have remained as party leader and Prime Minister without further ado.

Under the Meiji Constitution, the Prime Minister and his Cabinet were not necessarily chosen from the elected members of the Diet.

Under Prime Minister David Lloyd George, however, from 1918 onwards, the powers of the office increased, as Lloyd George unilaterally claimed for himself powers that had previously belonged to the Cabinet collectively, including, most dramatically, the right to seek a parliamentary dissolution.

Under former Prime Minister Howard, a monarchist, the government initiated a process to settle the republican debate, involving a constitutional convention and a referendum.

Under Article 20 of the Constitution of Bhutan enacted in 2008, Bhutan's foreign relations fall under the purview of the Druk Gyalpo on the advice of the Executive, namely the Prime Minister and other Ministers of the Lhengye Zhungtshog including the Minister of Foreign Affairs.