Under the heading of " materials ," his class examines the relations between different kinds of writing surfaces ( including stone, wax, parchment, paper, walls, textiles, the body, and the heart ), writing implements ( including styluses, pens, pencils, needles, and brushes ), and material forms ( including scrolls, erasable tables, codices, broadsides and printed forms and books ).

Under a gold standard, paper notes are convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold.

Under the Harrisons the paper became a resolute supporter of the Democratic Party, and was the only local newspaper to support the Pullman strikers in the mid-1890s.

Under Abbasid rule, the legend goes, the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas in 751, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world being founded in Samarkand.

Under the management of the first BUS president William Jones, the Bank failed to control paper money issued from its branch banks in the West and South, contributing to the post-war speculative land boom.

Under the Act, the federal government purchased millions of ounces of silver, with issues of paper currency ; it became the second-largest buyer in the world, after the British Crown in India.

Under the ownership of James Johnstone The Standard became a morning paper from 29 June 1857, with The Evening Standard being published from 11 June 1859.

Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. McCormick the paper was strongly isolationist and actively biased in its coverage of political news and social trends, calling itself " The American Paper for Americans ," excoriating the Democrats and the New Deal, resolutely disdainful of the British and French and greatly enthusiastic for Chiang Kai-shek and Sen. Joseph McCarthy.

Under constant guard, the women in the factory took small amounts of the gunpowder, wrapped it in bits of cloth or paper, hid it on their bodies, and then passed it along the smuggling chain.

Under his leadership, this paper publicized news and criticisms of the human rights violations of the Argentine government during the early years of the Dirty War as a result of investigations about his relationship with David Graiver.

Under the management of Sir Geoffrey Syme ( 1908 – 42 ), and his chosen editors Gottlieb Schuler and Harold Campbell, The Age failed to modernise, and gradually lost market share to The Argus and to the tabloid The Sun News-Pictorial, although its classfied advertisement sections kept the paper profitable.

Under such an administration of law, no man could tell, no counsel could advise, whether a paper was or was not punishable.

Under the superior leadership of Darwin Smith as CEO from 1971 to 1991, company went from being a mediocre business paper company to a highly successful consumer paper products company.

Under Bennett's son, James Gordon Bennett, Jr., the paper financed Henry Morton Stanley's expeditions into Africa to find David Livingstone, where they met on November 10, 1871.

Under the editorship of William Thorsell in the 1980s and 1990s, the paper strongly endorsed the free trade policies of Progressive Conservative Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.

In 2004, Veneman finalized the transition from paper food stamps to electronic debit cards in an effort to reduce fraud and increase availability of these programs to more families in need. Under Veneman, after a comprehensive scientific review, new Dietary Guidelines for Americans were released, which formed the basis for USDA's MyPyramid.

Under this system, voters number the candidates on the ballot paper in the order of their preference.

Under Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the International Theological Commission published a paper accepting the big bang of 15 billion years ago and the evolution of all life including humans from the microorganisms that formed approximately 4 billion years ago .< ref >" Communion and Stewardship: Human Persons Created in the Image of God.

Under Reid's son, Ogden Mills Reid, the paper acquired the New York Herald to form the New York Herald Tribune, which continued to be run by Ogden M. Reid until his death in 1947.

Under Whitney, the paper regained some of its lustre, deciding that since it could not compete with The New York Times in sheer volume of news, it would be faster, feistier and funnier.

Under this Act the Treasury issued £ 300 million of paper banknotes, without the backing of gold, with which the banks could repay their obligations.

Under Anderson, the paper took a strongly pro-European stance, supported electoral reform and argued for military intervention against Serbian aggression in Croatia and Bosnia.

Under an editorial headed " A Complete Shambles ", the local paper commented that: " Neither Mr Clarke nor the Labour and Conservative Groups come out with much credit after this.

While Bannister was well known in the artistic community of his adopted home of Providence, Rhode Island and admired within the wider East Coast art world ( he won a bronze medal for his large oil " Under the Oaks " at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial ), he was largely forgotten for almost a century for a complexity of reasons, principally connected with racial prejudice.

Under the Constitution of 1791, the solution of a constitutional monarchy was adopted, and the king supported a war against Austria in order to increase his popularity, starting the long French Revolutionary Wars.

Under its founder and spiritual leader, Johann Georg Rapp ( 1757 – 1847 ); Frederick ( Reichert ) Rapp ( 1775 – 1834 ), his adopted son who managed its business affairs ; and their associates, the Society existed for one hundred years ; roughly from 1805 until 1905.

Another of Remey's followers, Leland Jensen ( d. 1996 ), who made a several religious claims of his own, formed a sect known as the Bahá ' ís Under the Provisions of the Covenant following Remey's death ; he believed that Remey was the adopted son of Abdu ' l-Baha, and that Remey's adopted son Joseph Pepe was the third Guardian.

Under new ownership, the current name was adopted in 1963 and the franchise was relocated to Shea Stadium in 1964 and then to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in 1984.

Under the constitution adopted in 1936 and modified along the way until October 1977, the political foundation of the Soviet Union was formed by the Soviets ( Councils ) of People's Deputies.

Under Bullard, the journal adopted a literary orientation and accepted patent medicine ads, but it folded in February 1872.

Its Ministerial Declaration was noted ( but not adopted ) July 18, 1996, and reflected a U. S. position statement presented by Timothy Wirth, former Under Secretary for Global Affairs for the U. S. State Department at that meeting, which:

Under Honecker's leadership, the GDR adopted a programme of " consumer socialism ", which resulted in a marked improvement in living standards already the highest among the Eastern bloc countries.

Under the 1966 Social Security Act, newly unemployed individuals were no longer denied assistance during their first month of unemployment, while men who had had their unemployment benefit disallowed for six weeks ( on the grounds that they had been at fault for losing their job ) were no longer subjected to a harsh rule applied by the National Assistance confining their payments to below “ benefit rate .” Instead, a policy was adopted of paying these individuals their full entitlement less 15 shillings. T he Act also introduced a long term addition of 9 shillings for all pensioners receiving supplementary benefit and for others ( with the exception of those required register for employment ) receiving supplementary benefits for two years.

Under Iwan's presidency the party formally adopted a policy of independence for Wales in Europe.

Under Article 8 ( 2 )( b )( xxvi ) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ( ICC ), adopted in July 1998 and entered into force 1 July 2002 ; " Conscripting or enlisting children under the age of fifteen years into the national armed forces or using them to participate actively in hostilities " is a war crime.

Under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, which was adopted and signed in 2002, National armed forces can accept volunteers into their armed forces below the age of 18, but " States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that members of their armed forces who have not attained the age of 18 years do not take a direct part in hostilities ".

Under his leadership, the PIP adopted a democratic socialist program.

Under Eliot's leadership, Harvard adopted an " elective system " which vastly expanded the range of courses offered and permitted undergraduates unrestricted choice in selecting their courses of study-with a view to enabling them to discover their " natural bents " and pursue them into specialized studies.

Under his leadership the country switched to driving on the left, decided to shift westwards across the international date line and adopted daylight saving time, and proposed the introduction of a common pacific currency.

Under his presidency, Senegal adopted a multi-party system ( limited to three: socialist, communist and liberal ).

Under the policy of indirect rule, a system of elected alcaldes ( mayors ), adopted from Spanish local government, linked these Maya to the colonial administration.

Under the 2008 Democratic Party selection rules, adopted in 2006, delegates are selected under proportional representation, which requires a candidate have a minimum of 15 % of a state's popular vote to receive delegates.

Under the pressure of the events that led to the Mineriads, his political stance has veered with time: from a proponent of the Perestroika, Iliescu adopted a social democratic position, aligning himself with the Western European political spectrum.

Under the one drop rule later adopted into law by the 1920s in most of the South, he would have been classified as legally black because of having some known African ancestry.

Under the newly adopted constitution the Prime Minister is to be the country's active executive authority.

Under the influence of these Jewish communities, Bulan, the Khagan Bek of the Khazars, and the ruling classes of Khazaria ( located in what is now Ukraine, Southern Russia and Kazakhstan ), adopted Judaism at some point in the mid-to-late 8th or early 9th centuries.