2112 BC and 2004 BC is known as the Ur III period.

The work is probably based on the older Mesopotamian genre of the " city lament ", of which the Lament for Ur is among the oldest and best-known.

The ancient Ur of Sumer, in present day Tell el-Mukayyar in Iraq is one of the world's earliest сities.

In the Hebrew Bible, the prophet Abraham is stated to have originally been from " Ur of the Chaldees " ( Ur Kasdim ); if this city is to be identified with the Sumerian Ur, it would be within the original Chaldean homeland south of the Euphrates, although Chaldeans were not extant in Mesopotamia at the time of Abraham.

The ruins of Ur, Babylon, and other ancient cities are situated in Iraq, as is the legendary location of the Garden of Eden.

Once a coastal city near the mouth of the Euphrates on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank, from Nasiriyah.

The site is marked by the ruins of the Ziggurat of Ur, which contained the shrine of Nanna, excavated in the 1930s.

The third millennium BC is generally described as the Early Bronze Age of Mesopotamia, which ends approximately after the demise of the Third Dynasty of Ur in the 21st century BC.

The first is a large body of cuneiform documents, mostly from the empire of the so-called Third Dynasty of Ur at the very end of the third millennium.

Many of these seals were found in Ur, and the name of Ur is prominent on them.

Ur is mentioned four times in the Torah or Old Testament, with the distinction " of the Kasdim / Kasdin "— traditionally rendered in English as " Ur of the Chaldees ".

In Nehemiah 9: 7, a single passage mentioning Ur is a paraphrase of Genesis.

The earliest depiction of vehicles in the context of warfare is on the Standard of Ur in southern Mesopotamia, c. 2500 BC.

* c. 2300 BC – 2184 BC: Disk of Enheduanna, from Ur, ( modern Muqaiyir, Iraq ) is made.

* c. 2550 BC: About this time, Mesannepada is king of Ur ( followed by his son, A-annepadda ) who founds the First dynasty of Ur and overthrows the last king of Uruk, as well as Mesalim of Kish.

Enheduanna was appointed to the role of High Priestess in a move considered to be a shrewd political move by Sargon to help cement power in the Sumerian south, in which the City of Ur was located.

Although he is not considered part of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Ishbi-Erra did make some attempts at continuing the trappings of that dynasty, most likely to justify his rule.

" This formation and use of grain product equivalencies ... must be considered an important step in the direction of general value equivalencies best attested for in the Ur III period for silver, but then still generally applicable for other commodities such as grain or fish, including finally also labor time.

One strategy adopted by both Sargon and Naram-Sin, to maintain control of the country, was to install their daughters, Enheduanna and Emmenanna respectively, as high priestess to Sin, the Akkadian version of the Sumerian moon deity, Nanna, at Ur, in the extreme south of Sumer ; to install sons as provincial ensi governors in strategic locations ; and to marry their daughters to rulers of peripheral parts of the Empire ( Urkesh and Marhashe ).

By then, the Sumerian Peoples of south Mesopotamia were all organized into a variety of independent City-states, such as Ur and Uruk, which by around 26th century BC had begun to coalesce into larger political units.

Chief of Staff Captain Aloysius Tom Ur told troops in January 2004 that the 2004 strength of 3, 000 would be reduced by one-third, and that during 2004, the force's personnel branch would merge with the support branch into a new organisation.

All the wealth which came to Mesopotamia by sea had to pass through Ur.

That Ur was an important urban centre already then seems to be indicated by a type of cylinder seal called the City Seals.

Ur-Nammu was succeeded by Shulgi, the greatest king of the Third Dynasty of Ur who solidified the hegemony of Ur and reformed the empire into a highly centralized bureaucratic state.

It fell around 1940 BC to the Elamites in the 24th regnal year of Ibbi-Sin, an event commemorated by the Lament for Ur.

From the end of the 7th century BC Ur was ruled by the so called Chaldean Dynasty of Babylon.

The Chaldeans were already settled in the vicinity by around 850 BC, but were not the rulers of Ur until the late 7th century BC.

The Book of Jubilees states that Ur was founded in 1688 Anno Mundi ( year of the world ) by ' Ur son of Kesed, presumably the offspring of Arphaxad, adding that in this same year wars began on Earth.

Evidence was found of prior restorations of the ziggurat by Ishme-Dagan of Isin and Shu-Sin of Ur, and by Kurigalzu, a Kassite king of Babylon in the 14th century BCE.

* Ur Preservation Project by Global Heritage Fund

* c. 2425 BCE — Death of Eannatum of Lagash ; succeeded by his nephew, Entemena, whose ally, Lugal-kinishe-dudu, unites Uruk and Ur ( Roux 1980 )

After the collapse of the Akkadian empire, the south Mesopotamian region was ruled by Gutians for a few decades before the rise of the Sumerian third dynasty of Ur which encompassed the whole of Mesopotamia, including Babylon.

Following this, the city was conquered by the neo-Sumerian Ur-III dynasty, and held until Ur finally collapsed at the hands of the Elamites under Kindattu in ca.

However, this date is very approximate, as many scholars have contended that Sumerian was already dead or dying as early as around 2100 BC, by the beginning of the Ur III period, while others believe that Sumerian persisted as a spoken language in a small part of Southern Mesopotamia ( Nippur and its surroundings ) until as late as 1700 BC.

During the " Sumerian Renaissance " ( Ur III ) of the 21st century BC, Sumerian is written in already highly abstract cuneiform glyphs directly succeeded by Old Assyrian cuneiform.

A total of about 1, 850 burials were uncovered, including 16 that were described as " royal tombs " containing many valuable artifacts, including the Standard of Ur.

In ancient Mesopotamia, lapis artifacts can be found in great abundance, with many notable examples having been excavated at the Royal Cemetery of Ur ( 2600-2450 BC ).

Commonly thought of as a form of paganism, Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic, worshipping over 2100 different deities, many of which were associated with a specific city or state within Mesopotamia such as Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Assur, Nineveh, Ur, Uruk, Mari and Babylon.

Historical examples include the oldest known Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia and Ur, the Phoenician cities of Canaan ( such as Tyre and Sidon ), the Berber city-states of the Garamantes, the city-states of ancient Greece ( the poleis such as Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth ), the Roman Republic which grew from a city-state into a great power, the Maya of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica ( including sites such as Chichen Itza, Tikal, Palenque and El Mirador ), the central Asian cities along the Silk Road, Venice, Croatian city-state of Ragusa ( Dubrovnik ) and many others.

There was not an Amorite invasion as such, but Amorites did ascend to power in many locations, especially during the reign of the last king of the Ur III Dynasty, Ibbi-Sin.

Copies of Enheduanna ’ s work, many dating to hundreds of years after her death, were made and kept in Nippur, Ur and possibly Lagash alongside Royal inscriptions which indicates that they were of high value, perhaps equal to the inscriptions of Kings ( Westenholz 1989: 540 ).

Until Woolley's identification of Ur, Arpachshad was understood by many Jewish and Muslim scholars to be an area in northern Mesopotamia, Urfa of the Yazidis.

" Lipit Ishtar and Ur Nammu both contain water provisions, pre-date Hammurabi by at least 250 years, and clearly provide the normative underpinnings on which the Hammurabi Code was constructed " http :// drezner. foreignpolicy. com / posts / 2011 / 05 / 19 / the_best_sentence_i_have_ever_read_in_a_dissertation_prospectus? wpisrc = obnetwork The Etruscans had a deep knowledge of hydrology and hydraulics, a knowledge which they put to good use in their many land drainage schemes.

The Ur III kings oversaw many substantial state-run projects, including intricate irrigation systems and centralization of agriculture.

On the basis of their input, output and labour accounting, the Sumerian analysts, particularly from the Ur III period, were evidently able to estimate, in quantitatively accurate terms, how much labour it took to produce a certain quantity of output, and therefore how many workers were needed for a given interval of time.