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Urfa was conquered repeatedly throughout history, and has been dominated by many civilizations, including the Ebla, Akkadians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Hittites, Armenians, Hurri-Mitannis ( Armeno-Aryans ), Assyrians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Macedonians ( under Alexander the Great ), Seleucids, Arameans, Osrhoenes, Romans, Sassanids, Byzantines, and Crusaders.
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Urfa and was
Şanlı ( from Arabic shan ( شأن ) " dignity " + Turkish adjectival suffix-lı ) means " great, glorious, dignified " in Turkish, and Urfa was officially renamed Şanlıurfa ( Urfa the Glorious ) by the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 1984, in recognition of the local resistance in the Turkish War of Independence.
Islam was then established permanently in Urfa by the empires of the Ayyubids ( see: Saladin Ayubbi ), Seljuks and Ottoman Turks.
Subsequently, Urfa was ruled by Zengids, Ayyubids, Sultanate of Rum, Ilkhanids, Memluks, Akkoyunlu and Safavids before Ottoman conquest in 1516.
Under the Ottomans Urfa was a centre of trade in cotton, leather, and jewellery.
In 1914 Urfa was estimated to have 75, 000 inhabitants: 45, 000 Muslims, 25, 000 Armenians and 5, 000 Syrian Christians.
The French retreat from the city of Urfa was conducted under an agreement reached between the occupying forces and the representatives of the local forces, commanded by Captain Ali Saip Bey assigned from Ankara.
There are very important pieces of work done on the Urfa cuisine as it is widely believed that Urfa is the birthplace of many dishes, including Raw Kibbé ( Çiğ Köfte ), that according to the legend, was crafted by no-one else but the Prophet Abraham himself from the ingredients he had in hand.
* The Great Mosque of Urfa was built in 1170, on the site of a Christian church the Arabs called the " Red Church ," probably incorporating some Roman masonry.
The fort was abandoned as the Roman Empire declined in the 4th century AD, but was probably a royal residence of King Oswald of Northumbria, records show that his son Oswin was born within ' Caer Urfa ,' by which name the fort is thought to be known after the Romans left.
Unlike other regions historically belonging to Syrian provinces ( such as Aintab, Kilis and Urfa ), Alexandretta was confirmed as Syrian territory in the Treaty of Lausanne agreed upon by Kemal Atatürk ; although it was granted a special autonomous status because it contained a large Turkish minority.
Until Woolley's identification of Ur, Arpachshad was understood by many Jewish and Muslim scholars to be an area in northern Mesopotamia, Urfa of the Yazidis.
Nevalı Çori was an early Neolithic settlement on the middle Euphrates, in the province of Şanlıurfa ( Urfa ), eastern Turkey.
The first record of the existence of a physical image in the ancient city of Edessa ( now Urfa ) was in Evagrius Scholasticus, writing about AD 600, who reports a portrait of Christ, of divine origin ( θεότευκτος ), which effected the miraculous aid in the defence of Edessa against the Persians in 544.
A local legend, related to historian Andrew Palmer when he visited Urfa ( Edessa ) in 1999, relates that the towel or burial cloth ( mendil ) of Jesus was thrown into a well in what is today the city's Great Mosque.
In 1480 Yashbak led an army against the Ak Koyunlu dynasty in Northern Mesopotamia, but was soundly defeated while attacking Urfa, taken prisoner, and executed.
The Syriacs were most of all medical doctors from Urfa, which was during that time, home to the leading medical center.
He was offered the governorship of Çorum, but he did not agree and when Ottoman forces were sent against them, instead he retreated with his forces to Urfa, seeking refuge in a fortified castle, making it the center of resistance for 18 months.
Urfa Gate was rebuilt by Muhammad, son of Kara Arslan.
He was instrumental in conquest, Ottomanization and administration of Ottoman lands from Urfa, Mardin to Egypt.
Urfa and conquered
Islam first arrived in Urfa around 638 C. E., when the Rashidun army conquered the region without a fight.
Urfa and throughout
Urfa is also known throughout Turkey and the bordering Syria for its very rich kebab culture, making large use of lamb meat, fat and offal.
Urfa and history
As the city of Urfa is very deeply rooted in history, so is its unique cuisine, an amalgamation of the cuisines of many civilizations that have ruled in Urfa, since the Prophet Abraham and the Sumerian times and many dishes carry names in Arabic, Armenian, Syriac, and Turkmen.
Urfa and has
The offal has also a primordial place in the regular Urfa cuisine, being prepared in more than two hundred different ways.
Urfa and by
* December – 3, 000 Armenians are burned alive in Urfa by Ottoman troops.
Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: " Antioch by the Callirhoe, later Justinopolis ( Edessa ; Urfa ) Turkey "
* Urfa castle – built in antiquity, the current walls were constructed by the Abbasids in 814 AD.
In the same area of the western wall, south of Urfa Gate, two imposing towers, Ulu Beden and Yedi Kardeş were commissioned in 1208 by the Artuklu ruler Salih Mahmud who designed the Yedi Kardeş tower himself and apposed the Artukid double-headed eagle on its walls.
Urfa and many
Hence, unemployment and poverty are present on a way smaller scale than in other Eastern Turkish cities, and many luxury cars can be spotted on the streets of Urfa.
Urfa and including
Under the rule of Khusraw I, refuge was granted to Greek Nestorian Christian philosophers including the scholars of the Persian School of Edessa ( Urfa )( also called the Academy of Athens ), a Christian theological and medical university.
Urfa and Armenians
According to Lord Kinross, 8, 000 Armenians were massacred in Urfa in 1895.
The worst atrocity took place in Urfa, where Ottoman troops burned the Armenian cathedral, in which 3, 000 Armenians had taken refuge, and shot at anyone who tried to escape.
Urfa and ),
Plain pita is used for serving some kebabs on it such as Döner kebap, İskender kebap, Şiş kebab, Adana kebabı, Urfa Kebabı, Yoğurtlu kebap ( Kebab with yogurt ), and Tokat kebabı and making some sandwiches.
Şanlıurfa,, often simply known as Urfa in daily language ( Kurdish Riha, Arabic الرها Ar-Ruhā, Syriac ܐܘܪܗ Urhoy, Armenian Ուռհա Or ' ha ), in ancient times Edessa, is a city with 482, 323 inhabitants ( 2009 estimate ) in south-eastern Turkey, and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province.
Timur appointed his great-grandfather, Kara Yülük Osman, as a governor of Diyarbakır ( in modern-day Turkey ), with the cities of Erzincan, Mardin, Roha ( or Urfa ), and Sivas.
Urfa and Great
* 1960: Mali and Senegal become independent. Great Turk scholar Bedi-az-Zaman said Nursi had died in Urfa ( Turkey ).
Urfa and .
* 1978 – The Kurdish party PKK is founded in the city of Riha ( Urfa ) in Turkey.
Urfa kebab is less spicy and thicker than adana kebab.
** The official name of the Turkish city Urfa is changed into Şanlıurfa.
The heritage of Roman Edessa survives today in these columns at the site of Urfa Castle, dominating the skyline of the modern city of Şanlı Urfa.
The same name appears also in Armenian as, transliterated Urha or Ourha, in Arabic it is transliterated as Er Ruha or Ar-Ruha, commonly Urfa, and in Kurdish, and in Turkish Urfa, Ourfa, Sanli Urfa, or Şanlıurfa (" Glorious Urfa "), its present name.
Urfa is situated on a plain about eighty kilometres east of the Euphrates River.
Costumes of the rich women of Urfa in the early 20th Century.
According to Turkish Muslim traditions Urfa ( its name since Byzantine days ) is the biblical city of Ur of the Chaldees, due to its proximity to the biblical village of Harran.
Urfa is also known as the birthplace of Job.
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