Vestigial features may take various forms ; for example they may be patterns of behavior, anatomical structures, or biochemical processes.

Vestigial structures are often called vestigial organs, although many of them are not actually organs.

Vestigial structures have been noticed since ancient times, and the reason for their existence was long speculated upon before Darwinian evolution provided a widely-accepted explanation.

Vestigial laws discriminating against Aboriginal Australians were eradicated in the 1960s, and major recognitions of injustice towards Aboriginal Australia have been offered by Australian governments and courts throughout recent decades.

Vestigial tailfins remained on American cars into the 1980s, with the sides of the quarter panels often being raised above the trunk lid and the corner sharp-edged, or at least raised.

Vestigial organs are sometimes pressed into a secondary use when their original function has been lost.

Vestigial sideband modulation ( VSB ) is a modulation method which attempts to eliminate the spectral redundancy of pulse amplitude modulated ( PAM ) signals.

Vestigial characters range from detrimental through neutral to favorable in terms of selection.

< tr >< td > C </ td >< td > Vestigial sideband ( e. g. NTSC )</ td ></ tr >

* below 1. 24 GHz: Vestigial Sideband

( Vestigial bosonic superpartners of these goldstinos under supersymmetries, called sgoldstinos, might sometimes also appear.

Vestigial legal discrimination against Indigenous voters was removed in the 1960s.

In its beginnings the nation-state had to struggle to assert itself -- internally, against feudal groups, and externally, against the power and influence of such other claimants for loyalty as the Church.

In the early period of the Crusader era, the Druze feudal power was in the hands of two families, the Tanukhs and the Arslans.

The idea of a feudal state or period, in the sense of either a regime or a period dominated by lords who possess financial or social power and prestige, became widely held in middle of the 18th century, thanks to works such as Montesquieu's De L ' Esprit des Lois ( 1748 ; published in English as The Spirit of the Laws ), and Henri de Boulainvilliers ’ s Histoire des anciens Parlements de France ( 1737 ; published in English as An Historical Account of the Antient Parliaments of France or States-General of the Kingdom, 1739 ).

The reaction to Napoleon's conquests of German countries during the era of the French Revolution ( 1790s to 1815 ), produced important institutional reforms, including the abolition of feudal restrictions on the sale of large landed estates, the reduction of the power of the guilds in the cities, and the introduction of a new, more efficient commercial law.

The power of the feudal lords was undermined by the appointment of " ministerials " ( unfree servants of the Emperor ) as officials.

Reforms included the abolition of feudal restrictions on the sale of large landed estates, the reduction of the power of the guilds in the cities, and the introduction of a new, more efficient commercial law.

During the confused and contested reign of Stephen, there was a major swing in the balance of power towards the feudal barons, as civil war and lawlessness broke out.

As time went on the power of the King was expanded by conquests, seizures and successful feudal political battles.

In addition to the two major conflicting views, prominent Lebanese politicians of the myriad religious denominations in Lebanon have also tended to be feudal warlords commanding their own private militias and feared that a strong army would endanger their personal power.

During the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France ( 1309 – 1377 ), the feudal lords ' power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome.

Isolated feudal estates were being replaced by centralized nation-states as the focus of power.

The thesis put forward by Henri Pirenne, while disputed widely, supposes that the Arab conquests forced the medieval economy into even greater ruralization and gave rise to the classic feudal pattern of varying degrees of servile peasantry underpinning a hierarchy of localized power centers.

Despite their wealth they had little power in the feudal system dominated by the rural land owners, and across Europe began to advocate for their own privileges and powers.

This time period is defined by the increase of central power in Naniwa, now Osaka, of the feudal lord system.

Medieval monarchs were not sovereign, at least not strongly so, because they were constrained by, and shared power with, their feudal aristocracy.

In feudal Europe, the most widespread justification of the state was the divine right of kings, which stated that monarchs draw their power from God, and the state should only be an apparatus that puts the monarch's will into practice.

Parts of Westphalia came under Brandenburg-Prussian control during the 17th and 18th centuries, but most of it remained divided duchies and other feudal areas of power.

In 188, Emperor Ling accepted a memorial from Yi Province governor Liu Yan suggesting he grant direct administrative power over feudal provinces and direct command of regional military to local governors, as well promoting them in rank and filling such positions with members of the Liu family or court officials.

Though King Wu died just a few years after the Battle of Muye, the Duke of Zhou assisted the young and inexperienced King Cheng in consolidating power for the Ji line: he managed a war against rebellious Zhou princes in the eastern lowlands ( allied with feudal rulers and Shang remnants ); formulated the Mandate of Heaven doctrine to counter Shang claims to a divine right of rule ; founded Chengzhou as an eastern capital ; and set up the fengjian " feudal " system designed to maintain Zhou authority as it expanded its rule over a larger amount of territory.

In a similar way to other areas of Italy, this led to a growing self-acknowledgement of the cities, whose increasing richness made them able to defy the traditional feudal supreme power, represented by the German emperors and their local legates.

This feudal system was also greatly decentralized, and the kings of weak " countries " held little power over the nobility.

Soon after seizing Milan he took Verona, Vicenza, and Padua, establishing himself as Signore of each, and soon controlled almost the entire valley of the Po, including Piacenza where in 1393 he gave the feudal power to Confalonieri Family on the lands they already had in the valleys around Piacenza.

During his reign, he will fight to curtail of power of the Chinese feudal princes ( d. 141 BC )

That he admitted students of different classes as disciples is a clear demonstration that he fought against the feudal structures that defined pre-imperial Chinese society.

Like feudalism which, together with manorialism, formed the legal and organizational framework of feudal society, manorial structures were not uniform.

That he admitted students of different classes as disciples is a clear demonstration that he fought against the feudal structures that defined pre-imperial Chinese society.

After the 8th century the structures of the Forum were dismantled, re-arranged and used to build feudal towers and castles within the local area.

During the Napoleonic Era, as noted above, the Rhineland west of the Rhine River was incorporated into France and feudal structures were crushed.

Prussia treated the Rhinelanders as subjugated and alien peoples and began to reinstate the hated feudal structures again.

Malcolm III appears to have introduced sheriffs as part of a policy of replacing native " Celtic " forms of government with Anglo Saxon and Norman feudal structures.

Malcolm III appears to have introduced sheriffs as part of a policy of replacing native " Celtic " forms of government with Norman feudal structures.

Further reforms introduced by Maria-Theresa and Joseph II reflected such Enlightenment principles as the dissolution of feudal social structures and the curtailment of power of the Catholic Church.

It also relates to customary, unique rights afforded to an individual unequal and exceptional, per feudal prerogative legal structures ( that were additionally in personam and so legally reciprocal at the scale of personhood, effectively accruing constituencies polity by individuation ).

The new Meiji government ordered the destruction of all former feudal fortifications, and in compliance with this directive, all structures of Odawara Castle were pulled down from 1870 – 1872, with the stone base of the former donjon becoming the foundation for a Shinto shrine, the Ōkubo Jinja, dedicated to the spirits of the generations of Ōkubo daimyō.

The Peace and Truce of God movement was one of the ways that the Church attempted to Christianize and pacify the feudal structures of society through non-violent means.

The Kingdom of Jerusalem introduced French feudal structures to the Levant.

The new economic and consequently the political relations which the old feudal structures were unable to manage and lacked any effective framework, with which they were unable to cope.

Turkey's ruling AKP did come first in 2004 local elections with a comfortable 43. 04 %, but the DYP, currently out of parliament, seems to be recovering under the new leadership of Mr. Ağar, who is known for his intimacy with the local feudal structures.

Early observers from the 1960s and 1970s attributed the ultimate political cause of chronic inflation as powerful group interests with radically divergent policy demands, arguing that the power of labour unions to demand high wages for workers in frequently outdated economic sectors conflicted with the basically feudal political structures of affected countries.

Rather, Marx argued that the role of the working class was, within structures of radical democracy, to organize, arm and defend themselves in workers ' councils and militias, to campaign for their own socialist political program, to expand workers ' rights, and to seize and farm collectively the feudal estates.

For İP, the key tool to solve the Kurdish problem is to demolish " feudal structures " in Kurdish provinces and make peasants " free citizens ".

* The power elite of the US, which never faced competition due to the absence of feudal structures ( aristocracy and religion ), monopolize power from the get-go.