In the 1960s with the African American Civil Rights Movement and opposition to the Vietnam War, the song took on a political tone.

In 1994, Robert Rodat saw a monument in Putney Corners, New Hampshire, memorializing those who were killed from the Civil War to Vietnam.

At the same time, demonstrations in the Civil Rights movement and opposition to the Vietnam War all grew in prominence, frequency, and severity throughout the 1960s, as did their confrontations with police forces.

There are other specialised courts in Vietnam, including the Central Military Court, the Criminal Court, the Civil Court and the Appeal Court.

* March 10 – 11 – Vietnam War: Battle of Lima Site 85, largest single ground combat loss of United States Air Force members ( 12 ) during the then-secret war later known as the Laotian Civil War.

They included the Bay of Pigs Invasion involving Cuba, the Vietnam War, the Portuguese Colonial War, the Colombian Civil War which the U. S. assisted with short-lived counter-guerrilla campaigns, as well as domestic issues such as the Civil Rights Movement and several influential political assassinations.

( See Vietnam War in Civil rights section below.

The USSR defeated the nationalist Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the USA precipitated the US – Vietnam War ( 1965 – 1975 ) by participating in the Vietnamese Civil War ( 1955 – 1965 ) that the National Liberation Front fought against the Republic of Vietnam, the Asian client state of the United States.

During the 1960s, Fonda engaged in political activism in support of the Civil Rights Movement, and in opposition to the Vietnam War.

But by mid-1975 these seemed to have unravelled, with South Vietnam annexed, the policy of détente with the Soviet Union undermined by the latter's interventions in the Angolan Civil War and relations with China at a stand-still.

As the decade continued, the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, the Paris student riots and other events served as catalysts for youth activism and political withdrawal or protest, which became associated with rock bands, whether or not they were openly political.

A great number of young people born in Port Barre have taken part in the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War and in the Vietnam War.

He was the son of Count André de Laborde de Monpezat ( Mont-de-Marsan, 6 May 1907 – Le Cayrou, 23 February 1998 ) and his wife, Renée Doursenot ( Périgueux, 26 October 1908 – Le Cayrou 11 February 2001 ), ( married religiously Cahors, 6 January 1934 and civilly Cahors 22 January 1948 ), who was previously married firstly civilly in Paris on 29 September 1928 and divorced at the Tribunal Civil Français de Saigon on 21 September 1940 Louis Leuret ( Châteauneuf-sur-Loire, 18 March 1881 – Saigon, South Vietnam, 29 December 1962 ).

Gospel stars like Mahalia Jackson became important figures in the Civil Rights Movement, while the American folk revival helped spread the counterculture of the 1960s and opposition to the Vietnam War.

However, trench warfare reemerged in the latter stages of the Chinese Civil War ( Huaihai Campaign ), the Korean War, and in some locations and engagements during the Vietnam War.

Despite these denials, however, the Civil War was actually the largest U. S. covert operation prior to the Afghan-Soviet War, with areas of Laos controlled by North Vietnam subjected to years of intense US aerial bombardment, representing the heaviest bombing campaign in history.

Everything conspired in their favour: the anxiety of those candid friends who were calling attention to the defective budget ; the commercial crisis, aggravated by the American Civil War ; and above all, the restless spirit of the emperor, who had annoyed his opponents in 1860 by insisting on an alliance with the United Kingdom in order to forcibly open the Chinese ports for trade, in 1863 by his ill-fated attempt of a military intervention in Mexico to set up a Latin empire in favour of the archduke Maximilian of Austria, and from 1861 to 1863 by embarking on colonising experiments in Cochinchina ( southern Vietnam ) and Annam ( central Vietnam ).

In the Cartoon Network run and English localization of Mobile Suit Gundam, the Zeons were also derisively referred to as " Zeeks ", originally taken from Gundam Sentinel: 0079, one of the many Gundam side stories written by Masaya Takahashi and added by translator Neil Nadelman, to reflect the tendency to nickname war enemies, i. e. Yankees / Rebs ( Civil War ), Jerries / Tommies ( World War I ), Japs ( World War II ), Ivan ( Cold War ), Charlie ( Vietnam ).

His subject matter ranges from the black general experience through rural Southern life before the Civil Rights time period and his experience as a soldier during the Vietnam War.

* 1969 – Vietnam War: United States Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird announces that the United States will start to " Vietnamize " the war effort.

However, Canada has disagreed with American policies regarding the Vietnam War, the status of Cuba, the Iraq War, Missile Defense, and the War on Terrorism.

That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defense Community ( EDC ) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying " Long faces don't win wars ".

* 1965 – Vietnam War: General William Westmoreland sends U. S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara a request for 243, 000 more men by the end of 1966.

In 2003, Morris won the Best Documentary Oscar at the Academy Awards, for his film The Fog of War, about the career of Robert S. McNamara, who was famous for having been the Secretary of Defense who had led the nation into the Vietnam War under Presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, and who was also crucially involved in having helped President Kennedy avoid a Third World War over the issue of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba.

In the hauntingly re-enacted opening portion of the film concerning the background that McNamara and his pro-nuclear-war adversary U. S. General Curtis LeMay had shared together during World War II, director Morris brought out complexities in the character of McNamara, which the public had not previously recognized, but which largely shaped McNamara's positions regarding both the missiles-in-Cuba issue and the Vietnam War issue, and which therefore created the historical figure that McNamara turned out to be as the U. S. Secretary of Defense.

* 1967 – Vietnam War: U. S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announces his resignation.

* 1968 – Vietnam War: The United States Department of Defense announces that the U. S. Army and U. S. Marine Corps will send about 24, 000 soldiers and Marines back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours of duty in the combat zone there.

* March 26 – U. S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara delivers an address that reiterates American determination to give South Vietnam increased military and economic aid, in its war against the Communist insurgency.

* October 14 – Vietnam War: The United States Department of Defense announces that the United States Army and United States Marines will send about 24, 000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours.

* November 29 – Vietnam War: U. S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announces his resignation to become president of the World Bank.

Among TRP prominent members are Emma Bonino, former Italian Member of the European Parliament and former European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid, Marco Pannella, former Italian Member of the European Parliament, Wei Jingsheng, President of the Chinese Overseas Coalition for Democracy, Enver Can, President of the Eastern Turkistan National Congress, Oumar Khambiev, Chechen Health Minister-elect ( 1997 ), Vo Van Ai, President of the Vietnam Committee for Human Rights, Quan Nguyen, President of the International Committee for the Nonviolent in Vietnam, Kok Ksor, President of the Montagnard Foundation, Vanida Tephsouvan, Executive Director of the Lao Movement of Human Rights, Arben Xaferi, Chairman of the Albanian Democratic Party of Macedonia, Pandeli Majko, Minister of Defense of Albania, Prof. Arnold S. Trebach, President International Antiprohibitionist League, and David Borden, Executive Director of DRCNet.

In 1964 the program was transferred to the US Defense Department and conducted by the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group ( SOG )

Four years later, US Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara admitted to Congress that the US ships had in fact been cooperating in the South Vietnamese attacks against North Vietnam.

Dewey is not listed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D. C. because the United States Department of Defense has ruled that the war officially started, from a U. S. perspective, on November 1, 1955, after the U. S. took over following the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu.

In 1967, he contributed to a top-secret study of classified documents regarding the conduct of the Vietnam War that had been commissioned by Defense Secretary McNamara.

Robert Strange McNamara ( June 9, 1916 – July 6, 2009 ) was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968, during which time he played a large role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War.

During President John F. Kennedy's term, while McNamara was Secretary of Defense, America's troops in Vietnam increased from 900 to 16, 000 advisers, who were not supposed to engage in combat but rather to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.

Although the role of the ground attack aircraft significantly diminished after the Korean War, it re-emerged during the Vietnam War, and in the recognition of this, the US Air Force authorised the design and production of what was later to become the A-10 dedicated anti-armour and ground-attack aircraft of the Cold War.

The Norden bombsight was a highly sophisticated optical / mechanical analog computer used by the United States Army Air Force during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War to aid the pilot of a bomber aircraft in dropping bomb s accurately.

* 1972 – Vietnam War: As part of Operation Linebacker II, 120 American B-52 Stratofortress bombers attacked Hanoi, including 78 launched from Andersen Air Force Base in Guam, the largest single combat launch in Strategic Air Command history.

* 1965 – The US and South Vietnamese Air Force begin Operation Rolling Thunder, a sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam.

* 1968 – Vietnam War: Battle of Lima Site 85, concluding the 11th with largest single ground combat loss of United States Air Force members ( 12 ) during that war.

* 1970 – Vietnam War: Operation Ivory Coast – A joint Air Force and Army team raids the Son Tay prison camp in an attempt to free American prisoners of war thought to be held there.

* 1968 – Vietnam War: United States Air Force helicopter pilot James P. Fleming rescues an Army Special Forces unit pinned down by Viet Cong fire and is later awarded the Medal of Honor.

Concurrently, the costs of the Vietnam War took a heavy stateside toll on SAC as many of its bases were either deactivated, transferred to other Air Force MAJCOMs, or transferred to other U. S. military services as part of cost-cutting moves during or shortly after the end of combat operations in Southeast Asia.

* 1975 – Gays in the military: US Air Force Tech Sergeant Leonard Matlovich, a decorated veteran of the Vietnam War, appears in his Air Force uniform on the cover of Time magazine with the headline " I Am A Homosexual ".

However, during the Vietnam War, the last conflict to produce U. S. fighter aces, the one USAF pilot, the two USAF navigators / weapon systems officers ( who were later retrained as USAF pilots ), the one USN Naval Aviator and the one USN Naval Flight Officer / radar intercept officer to achieve this distinction were eventually awarded the Air Force Cross and Navy Cross, respectively, in addition to Silver Stars previously awarded for earlier aerial kills.

* November 26 – Vietnam War: United States Air Force First Lieutenant and Bell UH-1F helicopter pilot James P. Fleming rescues an Army Special Forces unit pinned down by Viet Cong fire, earning a Medal of Honor for his bravery.

** Vietnam War – Operation Ivory Coast: A joint Air Force and Army team raids the Son Tay prison camp in an attempt to free American POWs thought to be held there ( no Americans are killed, but the prisoners have already moved to another camp ; all U. S. POWs are moved to a handful of central prison complexes as a result of this raid ).

The variant Yankee Air Pirate was used during the Vietnam War in North Vietnamese propaganda to refer to the United States Air Force.

The columnist Joseph Kraft, who was also touring North Vietnam, said he believed the damage to the dikes was incidental and was being used as propaganda by Hanoi, and if the U. S. Air Force were " truly going after the dikes, it would do so in a methodical, not a harum-scarum way ".

LeMay's dislike for tactical aircraft and training backfired in the low-intensity conflict of Vietnam, where existing Air Force fighter aircraft and standard attack profiles proved incapable of carrying out sustained tactical bombing campaigns in the face of hostile North Vietnamese antiaircraft defenses.

Further educational assistance acts were passed for the benefit of veterans of the Korean War, the Vietnam Era, the introduction of the " All-Volunteer Force " in the 1970s ( following the end of conscription in the United States in 1973 ), the Persian Gulf War, and those who served following the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Colonel Nguyễn Chánh Thi and Lieutenant Colonel Vương Văn Đông were given immediate refuge after a failed coup in November 1960, and Vietnam Air Force pilot Lieutenant Nguyễn Văn Cử was accorded the same treatment after his aerial bombardment of Independence Palace failed to kill the Ngôs.

Thiệu was part of a group of younger officers called the Young Turks — the most prominent apart from himself included commander of the Vietnam Air Force, Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, commander of I Corps General Nguyễn Chánh Thi and Admiral Chung Tấn Cang, the head of the Republic of Vietnam Navy.

Douglas Brian " Pete " Peterson ( born June 26, 1935, Omaha, Nebraska ) was a U. S. Air Force pilot who spent over six years as a prisoner of the North Vietnamese Army after his plane was shot down during the Vietnam War.