* Secrets of the Viking Navigators — How the Vikings used their amazing sunstones and other techniques to cross the open oceans, Leif Karlsen, One Earth Press, 2003.

Note Foster's compositional techniques, particularly how perspective creates a visual flow of Viking raiders from left to right, a flow that stops abruptly just before the figure of Prince Valiant highlighted against a dark background.

Little is known about early medieval fencing techniques save for what may be concluded from archaeological evidence and artistic depiction ( see Viking Age arms and armour ).

Prior to King Alfred there had been the Hiberno-Saxon culture, producing in Insular art the fusion of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic techniques and motifs, which had largely ceased in Ireland and Northern England with the Viking invasions.

Kiernan argues against an 8th-century provenance because this would still require that the poem be transmitted by Anglo-Saxons through the Viking Age, holds that the paleographic and codicological evidence encourages the belief that Beowulf is an 11th-century composite poem, and states that Scribe A and Scribe B are the authors and that Scribe B is the more poignant of the two.

There are more reports of Viking fleets in the Irish Sea from 914 onwards.

Vocabulary items entering English from Norse ( including the pronouns they, and them ) are thus attributable to the on-again-off-again Viking occupation of Northern England during the centuries prior to the Norman Conquest ( see, e. g., Canute the Great ).

Viking raids in 875 led to the monks fleeing the island with St Cuthbert's bones ( The bones of St Cuthbert are now buried at the Cathedral in Durham ).

St Cuthbert, Lindisfarne, and the Viking raid, are also focal points of Westall's " The Wind Eye ".

The team MVP that season was Joe Kapp, who threw for seven touchdowns against the Baltimore Colts – still an all-time NFL record ; however, Kapp refused to accept the award, stating, " There is not one most valuable Viking ... there are 40 most valuable Vikings!

Viking fans are known to dress up in " Helga hats ", or purple hats with white horns and blonde braids, mimicking the helmets popularly believed to have been worn by Viking warriors.

Examples are the Viking attacks across Europe, or the highly destructive English chevauchées across northern France during the Hundred Years ' War.

In StarCraft II, the Viking and Thor mecha are introduced.

There are various theories concerning the causes of the Viking invasions.

The long-term linguistic effect of the Viking settlements in England was threefold: over a thousand Old Norse words eventually became part of Standard English ; numerous places in the East and North-east of England have Danish names, and many English personal names are of Scandinavian origin.

There are several theories on the etymology of the word Viking.

Good-quality written historical sources for Scandinavia during the Viking Period are scarce, but the archaeological record is rich.

The runestones are important sources in the study of Norse society and early medieval Scandinavia, not only of the ' Viking ' segment of the population.

The names of Scandinavian kings are known only for the later part of the Viking Age.

Less common, though equally relevant, are the Viking chronicles that originated in the east, including the Nestor chronicles, Novgorod chronicles, Ibn Fadlan chronicles, Ibn Rusta chronicles, and many brief mentions by the Fosio bishop from the first big attack on the Byzantine Empire.

A few manufacturers of such stoves, notably Kenmore Appliances and Viking Range Corp. now include a specially-designed high-output bridge-type wok burner as part of their standard or optional equipment, though even high-heat models are limited to a maximum of around 27, 000 BTU ( 7. 9 kW ).

* Battle of Maldon: The Anglo-Saxons are defeated by Viking invaders led by Olaf Tryggvason, later Olaf I of Norway.

* In Harry Harrison's The Technicolor Time Machine ( 1967 ), main characters go back in time to shoot a movie about founding a Viking colony in North America, only to discover to their surprise that the colony they founded turned out to be written into the history as the original Viking colony in North America — and some of them are even featured in Norse sagas.

Large timber ships, called long ships, perhaps similar to the Viking ships of the same name, are attested to in a variety of sources.

There are also daily ferry services from the Port of Turku to Sweden and the Åland Islands, operated by Silja Line, Viking Line and SeaWind Line.

Although he is something of a hero in his native Scandinavia, reliable accounts of his life are very sketchy and heavily based on ancient Viking sagas.

During the Viking Age, Birka ( Birca in medieval sources ), on the island of Björkö ( literally: " Birch Island ") in Sweden, was an important trading center which handled goods from Scandinavia as well as Central and Eastern Europe and the Orient.

The last phase of the migrations saw the coming of the Hungarian Magyars and the Viking expansion out of Scandinavia into Europe and the British Isles, as well as Greenland and Iceland.

Longships were sea vessels made and used by the Vikings from the Nordic countries for trade, commerce, exploration, and warfare during the Viking Age although scientific analysis of the oak timber shows at least one well known ship was built in Dublin, Ireland.

This group includes aboriginal Americans as well as Australian aborigines, Viking Age Norse paganism and New Age spirituality.

Although another cause could well have been pressure caused by the Frankish expansion to the south of Scandinavia and their subsequent attacks upon the Viking peoples.

As well as providing information on Viking religion, burial sites also provide information on social structure.

This invasion, as well as an incursion of Viking raiders, forced Otto III to led his army against the invaders in 992, during which he would suffer a crushing defeat.

Hence its utensils can be part of the regalia, such as in the French kingdom an ampulla for the oil and a spoon to apply it with ; in the Swedish and Norwegian kingdoms, an anointing horn ( a form fitting the Biblical as well as the Viking tradition ) is the traditional vessel.

They include both grave fields from the Iron Age, runestones from the Viking Age as well as newer curiosities such as 18th century farms and cottages.

The Battle of Clontarf () took place on 23 April 1014 between the forces of Brian Boru and the forces led by the King of Leinster, Máel Mórda mac Murchada: composed mainly of his own men, Viking mercenaries from Dublin and the Orkney Islands led by his cousin Sigtrygg, as well as the one rebellious king from the province of Ulster.

Archeological finds indicate agricultural settlements in the area well before the Viking Age.

This is also the location of Hadeland Folkemuseum with a collection of buildings from the area, farm implements as well as a grave mound from the Viking Age and a copy of the 11th century Dynna stone.

Emir Abd ar-Rahman II of Córdoba likewise had to face Viking invaders, as well as internal rebellions led by Musa ibn Musa, of the Banu Qasi family.

It was used by William the Conqueror as the principal tool for underwriting continental wars, as well as providing for royal appetites and the costs of conquest, rather than for buying-off the Viking menace.

After the Second World War, Viking became a dominant side in the 1950s, beating Lillestrøm in the 1953 cup final and Sandefjord in the 1959 final, as well as winning the league title in 1957 – 58.

Viking won four straight league titles from 1972 to 1975, as well as the double in 1979.

Sweyn is often considered to be Denmark's last Viking king as well as the first medieval one.

Uggla's first two glam-and art rock-inspired albums Om Bobbo Viking and Livets teater didn't sell well, the first only about 500 copies in Sweden and Livets teater even less.

If we include a link between letters and ideas then the list includes the Viking Runes, the Hebrew Kabbalah, the Arab Abjad, etc .. References of this kind are very common in The Upanishads, The Nag Hammadi Library, the Celtic Book of Taliesin, as well as early Christian works, the Shinto Kototama, and Shingon Buddhism.

Then they left the more remote west side of the country and returned to the east, finding a resting-place at Craike near Easington, County Durham, close to the coast, well south of Lindisfarne, but also sufficiently far north of the new Viking kingdom being established at York.

ABMA provided valuable support on Viking and Vanguard, both with their first-hand knowledge of the V-2, as well as developing its guidance system.

Stornoway was originally a Viking settlement and developed around its well sheltered natural harbour.

During his first administration at NASA, Fletcher was responsible for beginning the Space Shuttle effort, as well as the Viking program that sent landers to Mars.

* Viking Dahl, ( 1895-1945 ), Swedish composer, as well as a painter and author