Vitamins come from a number of sources including fresh fruit and vegetables ( Vitamin C ), carrots, liver ( Vitamin A ), cereal bran, bread, liver e ( B vitamins ), fish liver oil ( Vitamin D ) and fresh green vegetables ( Vitamin K ).

Vitamin E and vitamin K, as well as the ubiquinones, are examples of this class.

Some are produced by the human body with adequate precursors ( glutathione, Vitamin C ), and those the body cannot produce may only be obtained in the diet via direct sources ( Vitamin C in humans, Vitamin A, Vitamin K ) or produced by the body from other compounds ( Beta-carotene converted to Vitamin A by the body, Vitamin D synthesized from cholesterol by sunlight ).

Vitamin K prevents bone loss and / or fractures in those with postmenopausal osteoporosis,

** ketamine ( K ; Ketalar, Ketaset, Ketanest ; " Ket ", " Kit Kat ", " Special-K ", " Vitamin K ", " Jet Fuel ", " Horse Tranquilizer ")

Vitamin K < sub > 1 </ sub > ( phylloquinone ).

Vitamin K < sub > 2 </ sub > ( menaquinone ).

Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins required for blood coagulation and in metabolic pathways in bone and other tissue.

The three basic forms of Vitamin K are K1, K2, and K3.

Vitamin K < sub > 1 </ sub >, also known as phylloquinone or phytomenadione ( also called phytonadione ),

Vitamin K < sub > 2 </ sub > has several subtypes, one of which is involved in bone metabolism.

Vitamin K < sub > 2 </ sub > homologs ( menaquinones ) are characterized by the number of isoprenoid residues in their side chain.

Vitamin K was identified in 1929 by Danish scientist Henrik Dam when he investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding chickens a cholesterol-depleted diet.

Vitamin K < sub > 2 </ sub > ( menaquinone ) includes several subtypes ; two subtypes most studied are menaquinone-4 ( menatetrenone, MK4 ) and menaquinone-7 ( MK7 ).

Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > deficiency may cause, among several neurological abnormalities, overlapping cerebellar and sensory ataxia.

Besides folic acid ( Vitamin B < sub > 9 </ sub >) Marmite has useful quantities of several other vitamins, even in small servings.

Although plant-derived foods do not naturally contain B < sub > 12 </ sub >, some are fortified during processing with added B < sub > 12 </ sub > and other nutrients .< ref > Vitamin A, in the form of beta-carotene, is available from plants such as carrots and spinach.

In renal disease, more active forms of Vitamin D such as cholecalciferol or ( 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol which is the main biologically active form of vitamin D ) is used, as the kidney cannot adequately generate calcitriol from calcidiol ( 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ) which is the storage form of vitamin D. In vitamin D assays, vitamin D < sub > 2 </ sub > ( ergocalitrol ) is not accurately measured, therefore vitamin D < sub > 3 </ sub > ( cholecalciferol ) is recommended for supplementation.

In contrast to these coordination compounds, methylcobalamin ( a form of Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub >), with a cobalt-methyl bond, is a true organometallic complex, one of the few known in biology.

Because the body uses gastric acid to release B < sub > 12 </ sub > from food particles, decreased vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > absorption may occur with long-term use of proton-pump inhibitors and may lead to Vitamin B12 deficiency.

Vitamin K < sub > 1 </ sub >, the precursor of most vitamin K in nature, is a steroisomer of phylloquinone, an important chemical in green plants, where it functions as an electron accepter in photosystem I during photosynthesis.

Vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub > is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin B complex group.

Vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub > is a water-soluble compound that was discovered in the 1930s during nutrition studies on rats.

In 1934, a Hungarian physician, Paul György discovered a substance that was able to cure a skin disease in rats ( dermititis acrodynia ), this substance he named vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub >.< ref > Paul György ( 1934 ) " Vitamin B < sub > 2 </ sub > and the pellagra-like dermatitis in rats ," Nature, vol.

Vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub > was named pyridoxine to indicate its structural homology to pyridine.

Vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub > is also required for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin and low vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub > status will impair this conversion.

Brie contains a good amount of both Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > and Vitamin B < sub > 2 </ sub >.

# 2, 022, 464, 11 / 26 / 1935, Vitamin concentrate,

* Vitamin D < sub > 2 </ sub >, or ergocalciferol

* Vitamin B < sub > 2 </ sub > ( Riboflavin ): Not much research has been done to see how much freezing affects Riboflavin levels.

Vitamin K < sub > 1 </ sub > is found naturally in seaweed, liver, and some vegetables, while vitamin K < sub > 2 </ sub > ( Menatetrenone ) is found in fermented food products such as cheese, miso, and Nattō.

The extraordinarily high Vitamin C content ( in the order of 2 – 3 % of fresh weight ) is the most important property of the fruit, which has been exploited in positioning camu camu on international markets.

* Vitamin B < sub > 2 </ sub > ( riboflavin )

* Vitamin B < sub > 2 </ sub >

* elevated 1, 25 ( OH )< sub > 2 </ sub > D ( see calcitriol under Vitamin D ) levels ( e. g. sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases )

* Vitamin B < sub > 2 </ sub > ( riboflavin, vitamin G )

* Vitamin E: 1 IU is the biological equivalent of about 0. 667 mg d-alpha-tocopherol ( 2 / 3 mg exactly ), or of 1 mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate

* Vitamin B < sub > 2 </ sub >

Nutrition Facts: Serving size: 8. 0 fl oz ; Servings per container: 2 ; Amount per serving: Calories: 70 ; Total carbs: 16g ; Sugars: 16g ; Vitamin A: 4 %; Vitamin C: 20 %; Riboflavin: 100 %; Niacin: 100 %; Vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub >: 250 %; Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub >: 80 %; Pantothenic acid: 50 %; Sodium: 4 %; Taurine: 1000 mg ; Energy Blend: 2500 mg

* Vitamin K < sub > 2 </ sub >

Vitamin C is destroyed by the process of pasteurization, so babies fed with ordinary bottled milk sometimes suffer from scurvy if they are not provided with adequate vitamin supplements.

* As an antioxidant, vitamin E acts as a peroxyl radical scavenger, preventing the propagation of free radicals in tissues, by reacting with them to form a tocopheryl radical which will then be oxidized by a hydrogen donor ( such as Vitamin C ) and thus return to its reduced state.

Vitamin E containing products are commonly used in the belief that vitamin E is good for the skin ; many cosmetics include it, often labeled as tocopherol acetate, tocopheryl linoleate or tocopheryl nicotinate.

# Vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub > is also required for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin, so low vitamin B < sub > 6 </ sub > status will impair this conversion.

Vitamin A toxicity occurs when an individual ingests vitamin A in large amounts more than the daily recommended value in the threshold of 25, 000 IU / Kg or more.

Treatment normally consists of rigorous dieting, involving mass amounts of vitamin E. Vitamin E helps the body restore and produce lipoproteins, which people with abetalipoprotenimia usually lack.

# Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > and folate levels: vitamin deficiency

Another enzyme, Vitamin K epoxide reductase, ( VKORC ) reduces vitamin K back to its active form.

Vitamin K deficiency from other causes ( e. g., in malabsorption ) or impaired vitamin K metabolism in disease ( e. g., in hepatic failure ) lead to the formation of PIVKAs ( proteins formed in vitamin K absence ) which are partially or totally non-gamma carboxylated, affecting the coagulation factors ' ability to bind to phospholipid.

* Dietary factors ( Low levels of certain vitamins and minerals, particularly magnesium, manganese, and vitamin E ) and also Vitamin D

* Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub >, vitamin C and thiamin