* Peter Douglas Ward, Donald Brownlee Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe.

* Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee, Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe, Copernicus Books, January 2000, ISBN 0-387-98701-0

The term " Rare Earth " comes from Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe ( 2000 ), a book by Peter Ward, a geologist and paleontologist, and Donald E. Brownlee, an astronomer and astrobiologist.

Ward and Brownlee argue to the contrary: planets, planetary systems, and galactic regions that are as friendly to complex life as are the Earth, the solar system, and our region of the Milky Way are very rare.

In order for a small rocky planet to support complex life, Ward and Brownlee argue, the values of several variables must fall within narrow ranges.

Rare Earth suggests that much of the known universe, including large parts of our galaxy, cannot support complex life ; Ward and Brownlee refer to such regions as " dead zones.

The Ward and Brownlee argument holds that a planetary system capable of sustaining complex life must be structured more or less like our solar system, with small and rocky inner planets, and Jovian outer ones.

Ward and Brownlee do not actually calculate the value of, because the numerical values of quite a few of the factors below can only be conjectured.

* is the fraction of stars in the galactic habitable zone ( Ward, Brownlee, and Gonzalez estimate this factor as 0. 1 ).

Ward and Brownlee believe this fraction is unlikely to be small.

Hence Ward and Brownlee argue that this fraction may be very small.

Ward and Brownlee argue that the low number of such events the Earth has experienced since the Cambrian explosion may be unusual, in which case this fraction would be small.

The Rare Earth equation, unlike the Drake equation, does not factor the probability that complex life evolves into intelligent life that discovers technology ( Ward and Brownlee are not evolutionary biologists ).

In his view Ward and Brownlee have done nothing more than select the factors that best suit their case.

In their work Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe, Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee argue that microbial life is probably widespread while complex life is very rare and perhaps even unique to Earth.

In Rare Earth Ward and Brownlee emphasize that such impacts ought to be rare, reducing the probability of other Earth-Moon type systems and hence the probability of other habitable planets.

* Ward, Peter and Donald Brownlee.

" The historian Benedicta Ward argues that these passages are Bede employing a rhetorical device.

Mathematics ( Sweller, J., Mawer, R. F., & Ward, M. R., 1983 ) and physics ( Chi, Feltovich, & Glaser, 1981 ) are common domains for these studies.

Ward councillors of municipal corporations are nominated by the subdivisional officers and elected by people.

The professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame Alvin Plantinga criticises it, and the Emiritus Regius Professor of Divinity Keith Ward suggests that materialism is rare amongst contemporary UK philosophers: " Looking around my philosopher colleagues in Britain, virtually all of whom I know at least from their published work, I would say that very few of them are materialists.

Alternative views on this topic are given by famous British-Australian physicist John Ward and laser physicist Frank Duarte.

LSE: the natives are restless, a report on student power in action London: Sheed and Ward, 1969.

Classic examples of his realistic prose are " The Bet " ( 1889 ), " Ward No. 6 " ( 1892 ), and " The Lady with the Dog " ( 1899 ).

Anarchist Colin Ward comments: " Squatting is the oldest mode of tenure in the world, and we are all descended from squatters.

Considered an outcast because of his questioning of the way things are, especially his refusal to accept the arranged marriage of Rachel ( Gay Rowan ), the girl Devon loves and who loves him and his friend Garth ( Robin Ward ), Devon inadvertently finds his way into the service areas of the ship and uncovers its fate by accessing a computer data station that explains the purpose of the ARK and hints at its problems.

* June 4 – The very first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded: Laura E. Richards, Maud Howe Elliott, and Florence Hall receive the first Pulitzer for a biography ( for Julia Ward Howe ).

The pair are admiring the TARDIS, thinking it to be a piece of art, when the Doctor ( Tom Baker ), Romana ( Lalla Ward ) and Duggan ( Tom Chadbon ) rush into it and it dematerialises.

Their politics may be different but such people share the morality of Laval and Pétain ... they are willing not only to tolerate evil, but to excuse it ... Both Jim Prior and Keith Joseph know that George Ward and Grunwick are not perfect, nor was Czechoslovakia perfect in 1938.

But if Ward and Grunwick are destroyed by the red fascists, then, as in 1938, we will have to ask, whose turn is it next?

They are perceived as if they perform like “ women ,” spurring straight-acting gay men to have negative attitudes toward gay feminine men ( Clarkson, 2006 ; Payne, 2007 ; Ward, 2000 ).

Current members of the Wake County Board of Commissioners are Paul Coble ( Chair ), Phil Matthews ( Vice-Chair ), Joe Bryan, Tony Gurley, Ervin Portman, Betty Lou Ward, and James West.

As of the January 2010 reorganization, Union County's Freeholders are Freeholder Chairperson Daniel P. Sullivan ( Elizabeth ), Freeholder Vice Chairperson Deborah P. Scanlon ( Union ), Angel G. Estrada ( Elizabeth ), Mohamed S. Jalloh ( Roselle ), Bette Jane Kowalski ( Cranford ), Alexander Mirabella ( Fanwood ), Rick Proctor ( Rahway ), Rayland Van Blake ( Plainfield ) and Nancy Ward ( Westfield ).

Among those who can lay claim to fame, and who have either been born or lived in Beckenham or have had some important contribution to make to the town, there are show business people such as Bob Monkhouse ( 1928 – 2003 ); Julie Andrews ( 1935-); David Bowie ( 1947-), who lived at 42 Southend Road, Beckenham from 1969 – 1973 ; Peter Frampton ( 1950-); Wende Snijders ( 1978-), the Dutch singer ; and the actors Maurice Denham ( 1909 – 2002 ), and Simon Ward ( 1941 – 2012 ).

Prominent members of the new Council are residents of Purley & of Woodcote ( now part of Coulsdon West Ward )

Ward names often straddle the named settlements and suburban areas above: their boundaries are fixed, whereas the latter are not.

Members of the City Council are Aaron Randolph ( 1st Ward ), Marty Small ( 2nd Ward ), Vice-President Steven L. Moore ( 3rd Ward ), President William " Speedy " Marsh ( 4th Ward ), Dennis Mason ( 5th ward ), Timothy Mancuso ( 6th Ward ), Moisse Delgado ( at-large ), Frank M. Gilliam, Jr. ( at-large ) and George Tibbitt ( at-large ).

The Ward brothers hunted fur in the Carnarvons year round at a time when there were restricted open seasons, and the Kenniff brothers ( Kenniff Cave's namesakes ) became notorious local horse thieves, and later murderers.

The road was wide open now for Eber Ward to secure land for a terminus in Ludington on the Pere Marquette Lake.

by Timothy Jack Ward,: an open letter to the Clintons about Chappaqua, published shortly after the Clintons bought their Chappaqua house, The New York Times, September 5, 1999

Wilkins ( as NS ) provided an open letter to Ward ; and Ward ( as HD, also taking the final letters of his name therefore ) replied at greater length.

* USS Ward, the first ship to open fire in the Battle of Pearl Harbor, named after James Harmon Ward

This was a very lucrative venture considering the billions of dollars generated by the tourism industry in Hawai ' i. In the early 2000s, Victoria Ward Limited began an aggressive development plan to expand Victoria Ward Centers and attract new tenants from the mainland United States that have yet to open for business in the Hawai ' i market.

It covers the area between Saltley, Hodge Hill and Stechford and includes Ward End Park, a public park that has been open for over 100 years.

In 2002, open ditches were the predominate form of drainage of water in the Fifth Ward.

He married twice ( to Elizabeth Lovelace and Margaret Staunton ( née West ) but had an open and lengthy relationship with Mary Ward, a woman not his wife, by whom he had three daughters.

It is on the western border of Ecclesall Ward, and although it is within the boundary of Sheffield, it is self-contained, being entirely surrounded by open countryside.

Construction had begun in late 1964, and Montgomery Ward was the first of the mall's stores to open, on October 21, 1965.

In the Bakumatsu Period, the signing of the Kanagawa Treaty provided for the opening of treaty ports, and the area of what is now central Naka Ward was designated as open to foreign settlement in 1859.

J Ward is now a museum open to the public.

This culminated in 1643 in the inhabitants forcibly throwing open all the enclosures in Duffield-or Chevin Ward, including Shottle Park.

" Lucas Oil Stadium's retractable roof was open for the first regular ( 2008 ) season game, but closed on the second because of the possibility of thunderstorms ," said Pete Ward, Colts senior executive vice president.