Modern Westerners have difficulty comprehending this fusion of moral and material, largely because in the West the historical trend has been to deny the connection.

Some Westerners have teamed up with shamans in the Amazon rainforest regions, forming ayahuasca healing retreats that claim to be able to cure mental and physical illness and allow communication with the spirit world.

Some Westerners have considered it to have been the " state religion " of imperial China.

The Portuguese also began a channel of trade with the Japanese, becoming the first recorded Westerners to have visited Japan.

Many Westerners who first encountered the practice believed it was a sign of worship, but kowtowing does not necessarily have religious overtones in traditional Chinese culture.

Recent studies have indicated that some Westerners accept the idea of reincarnation including certain contemporary Christians, modern Neopagans, followers of Spiritism, Theosophists and students of esoteric philosophies such as Kabbalah, and Gnostic and Esoteric Christianity as well as of Indian religions.

According to Jonathan Riley-Smith, Scott's portrayal of Saladin was that of a " modern Century liberal European gentlemen, beside whom medieval Westerners would always have made a poor showing.

Westerners can even become one, as have, for example Andrew Cohen, and Isaac Shapiro.

The traditional Chinese practices of língchí and foot binding are forms of mutilation that have captured the imagination of Westerners, as well as the now tourist centered " long-neck " people, a sub-group of the Karen known as the Padaung where women wear brass rings around their neck .< ref >

This type of larb is a creation of the Lao people, and is usually referred to by Westerners as to have originated in Laos.

There are many exceptions to this general rule: Westerners often insert a third or more names between the given and surnames ; Chinese and Hungarian names have the family name preceding the given name ; females now often retain their maiden names ( their family surname ) or combine, using a hyphen, their maiden name and the surname of their husband ; some East Slavic nations insert the patronym ( a name derived from the given name of the father ) between the given and the family name ; in Iceland the given name is used with the patronym and surnames rarely used.

Others have pointed to a number of credible eyewitness accounts, both by Algonquians and by Westerners, as evidence that Wendigo psychosis was a factual historical phenomenon.

Other elements of Qutbism deal with non-Muslims, particularly Westerners, and have drawn attention and controversy from their subjects, particularly following 9 / 11.

Though their terminology, issues and arguments are different from those of the Islamic traditionalists, Westerners also have criticism to make.

In Qutb's view, for example, Western Imperialism is not, as Westerners would have Muslims believe, only an economic exploitation of weak peoples by the strong and greedy.

According to Conrad Phillip Kottak, the Westerners " will attempt to remake the native culture within their own image, ignoring the fact that the models of culture that they have created are inappropriate for settings outside of Western civilisation ".

Mackay is among the best known Westerners to have lived in Taiwan.

In the course of their investigations they mounted expeditions to Mexico to study the religious use of mushrooms by the native population, and claimed to have been the first Westerners to participate in a Mazatec mushroom ritual.

Some maneki-neko made specifically for some Western markets will have the cat's paw facing backwards, in a beckoning gesture familiar to more Westerners .< ref >

He is one of the few Westerners to have received recognition from the Mongolian state.

** Four Westerners have been kidnapped in Iraq while in Baghdad.

Consequently, Tiong Bahru estate for a while became an estate for the elderly, but lately younger Westerners and sophisticated Singaporeans have been rediscovering the charm of the area.

In any event the sudden movement of hundreds of Westerners and thousand of high-ranking Vietnamese would not have gone unnoticed for long.

The current Dalai Lama is often called " His Holiness " ( HH ) by Westerners ( by analogy with the Pope ), although this does not translate to a Tibetan title.

Very often, Westerners mistake hudud punishment for the punishment regularly given under sharia law, but that is inaccurate ; hudud punishments are only meant as a deterrent for rare cases.

In addition Westerners often declare that particularly violent, gory, or sexually explicit works " cannot possibly " be shōjo, or disbelieve that the producers of yaoi titles target a market of girls rather than homosexual men, although both of these claims are false, and the reason for them was most likely due to uneven translation of Japanese anime terminology.

This name if often shortened by Westerners to " t ' ai chi " ( or " tai chi ," a common misspelling ).

By the mid-1920s membership was already declining due to government repression and it decreased again substantially during a contentious organizational schism in 1924 when the organization split between the " Westerners " and the " Easterners " over a number of issues, including the role of the General Administration ( often oversimplified as a struggle between " centralists " and " decentralists ") and attempts by the Communist Party to dominate the organization.

He further argues that the deification of a guru is a traditional element of Eastern spirituality, but, when detached from the Eastern cultural element and copied by Westerners, the distinction between the person who is the guru and that which he symbolizes is often lost, resulting in the relationship between the guru and disciple degenerating into a boundless, uncritical personality cult.

His intent was to avoid the Westernized interpretations often encountered in America, and to discover the pure message of texts from the Buddhist, Hindu, and Zoroastrian religions, in order properly to educate Westerners.

This has often been erroneously labeled by Westerners as pantheism, although it is a concept closer to panentheism.

Westerners defected to the Eastern Bloc as well, often to avoid prosecution as spies.

Renga are often hard for Westerners to read and understand ( and therefore to write ) because there is no narrative or chronological order.

As a result, what Westerners may see as state regulation of social activities, the PRC government often describes as necessary policies to preserve social stability.

They are more often found in extra-linguistic contexts, such as the " tsk tsk " sound many Westerners use to express regret or pity ( a dental click ), or the clucking noise used by many equestrians to urge on their horses ( a lateral click ).

* Absolute, or ultimate, bodhicitta, refers to the wisdom of shunyata ( śunyatā, a Sanskrit term often translated as " emptiness ", though the alternatives " openness " or " spaciousness " probably convey the idea better to Westerners ).

The Bong Sool tassel is noteworthy as the most representative work familiar to Westerners, and often purchased as souvenirs for macramé-style wall-hangings.

It is this style which is most often associated with Butoh by Westerners.

Since the island was known to Westerners for many centuries as Formosa — short for the Portuguese Ilha Formosa, or " beautiful island " — tea grown in Taiwan is often identified by that name.

NOTE: It is often mistakenly believed by Westerners that the Japanese " Belfy " ( Berufi ) and the English " Willibit " are the same character, and that the Japanese " Lillibit " ( Rirubitto ) and the English " Lillabit " are the same character.

While the traditionalists are more drawn to the spiritual and devotional side of Buddhism, Westerners are often more interested in meditation.