When particles in a beam are thrown against a foil made of a certain substance, the cross section is a hypothetical area measure around the target particles of the substance ( usually its atoms ) that represents a surface.

When looking at a cross section of a beam of light, the length over which the phase is correlated is called the transverse coherence length.

When it emerges from the specimen, the electron beam carries information about the structure of the specimen that is magnified by the objective lens system of the microscope.

When the electron beam interacts with the specimen, it loses energy by a variety of mechanisms.

When a beam of light crosses the boundary between a vacuum and another medium, or between two different media, the wavelength of the light changes, but the frequency remains constant.

When it is turned on, the copper has three states ; either reading an instruction, executing it, or waiting for a specific video beam position.

When the reflector is moving at right angle to the radar beam, it has no relative velocity.

When struck by a beam, a catalytic function causes the beam to change its form.

When a beam of white light passes from air into a material having an index of refraction that varies with frequency, a phenomenon known as dispersion occurs, in which different coloured components of the white light are refracted at different angles, i. e., they bend by different amounts at the interface, so that they become separated.

When the Enterprise-E arrives to do battle with the Narada, Nero agrees to beam Worf over if the ship will lower its shields.

When the group's ship suffers a warp core breach and is going to explode, he offers to beam them aboard his ship so they can survive, but they refuse and tell him to move off to a safe distance which he does.

When the waves are steep, it may be necessary to sail closer to the wind to avoid waves directly on the beam.

When first used by Commander Linx in The Time Warrior, it shows the ability to fire a beam which can disarm by knocking the weapon out of the wielder's hand, hypnotise, as well as cutting through wood and killing.

When the primary electron beam interacts with the sample, the electrons lose energy by repeated random scattering and absorption within a teardrop-shaped volume of the specimen known as the interaction volume, which extends from less than 100 nm to around 5 µm into the surface.

When all parts of the detector are used to collect electrons symmetrically about the beam, atomic number contrast is produced.

When a light beam crosses a boundary between materials with different kinds of refractive indices, the light beam will be partially refracted at the boundary surface, and partially reflected.

When mice still used a mechanical design ( with slotted ' chopper ' wheels interrupting a beam of light to measure rotation ), trackballs had the advantage of being in contact with the user's hand, which is generally cleaner than the desk or mousepad and does not drag lint into the chopper wheels.

When a crystal is mounted and exposed to an intense beam of X-rays, it scatters the X-rays into a pattern of spots or reflections that can be observed on a screen behind the crystal.

When an atom is probed by an external mechanism, such as a photon or a beam of electrons with energies in the range of 2 keV to 50 keV, a core state electron can be removed leaving behind a hole.

When it was done in an established place of execution, the vertical beam ( stipes ) could even be permanently embedded in the ground.

When a beam is measured with a laser beam profiler, the wings of the beam profile influence the D4σ value more than the center of the profile since the wings are weighted by the square of its distance, x < sup > 2 </ sup >, from the center of the beam.

When he had given the call a few moments thought, he went into the kitchen to ask Mrs. Yamata to prepare tea and sushi for the visitors, using the formal English china and the silver tea service which had been donated to the mission, then he went outside to inspect the grounds.

When they came to Mr. Jack's photograph, twenty by twelve inches in a curly silver frame, Miss Ada said, `` By rights I ought to leave that, seeing he won't take my clotheshorse ''.

When this woman wanted to buy a golden necklace ( no name given ) forged by four dwarves ( named Dvalinn, Alfrik, Berling, and Grer ), she offered them gold and silver but they replied that they would only sell it to her if she would lie a night by each of them.

When a silver-109 atom, which comprises approximately half of all silver in existence, catches a neutron, it undergoes a beta decay to become cadmium-110.

When the pirates thought to demand a ransom of twenty talents of silver, he insisted they ask for fifty.

When placed over a flame, lithium compounds give off a striking crimson color, but when it burns strongly the flame becomes a brilliant silver.

When the markka was introduced, coins were minted in copper ( 1, 5 and 10 penniä ), silver ( 25 and 50 penniä, 1 and 2 markkaa ) and gold ( 10 and 20 markkaa ).

When navigation became difficult, Cabot turned back, but only after obtaining some silver objects that the Indians said came from a land far to the west.

When Rome and Carthage made peace in 241 BC, Rome secured the release of all 8, 000 prisoners of war without ransom and, furthermore, received a considerable amount of silver as a war indemnity.

When the Eight-Nation Alliance's armies marched into Beijing, Cixi fled the capital only to accept peace terms by paying the foreign powers huge amounts of silver.

When Sidon fell under Roman domination, it continued to mint its own silver coins.

When James confronted the woman, she ran to her 2004 silver Mercedes, got behind the wheel, and tried to run over James.

When Siam adopted a gold exchange standard in 1908, this left only China and Hong Kong on the silver standard.

When adopting the gold standard, many European nations changed the name of their currency from Daler ( Sweden and Denmark ) or Gulden ( Austria-Hungary ) to Crown, since the former names were traditionally associated with silver coins and the latter with gold coins.

When silver prices rose relative to gold as a reaction to the California Gold Rush, silver coinage was worth more than face value, and rapidly flowed overseas for melting.

When gold and silver were discovered in the Sierra Nevada and the Inyo Mountains, the resulting sudden influx of miners, farmers, cattlemen and their hungry herds brought conflict with the Owens Valley Paiute, whose crops were being destroyed.

When his baggage was examined at Dover, the Royal Golden Crown and Seal of the Kingdom of Scotland, with many vessels of gold and silver, and a considerable sum of money, were found in his chests.

When the Banate of Severin was retaken, Basarab offered to pay yearly tribute and 7, 000 silver marks in compensation, and to recognize the king ’ s sovereignty ; but his offers were rejected, and the king advanced into Wallachia as far as Curtea de Argeş.

When a concentrated solution of ammonia is added to a suspension of silver chloride dissolution occurs because a complex of Ag < sup >+</ sup > is formed

When the Earps ' efforts to invest in various businesses were fruitless, Wyatt became a stagecoach shotgun messenger for Wells Fargo, guarding shipments of silver bullion, until he became Pima County Deputy Sheriff in July 1880 and Tombstone's town marshal.

When he had reduced the whole area of land between the River Iberus and the Pyrenees to a hollow, resentful, and temporary obedience, he turned his attention to administrative reforms, and increased the revenues of the province by improvements in the working of the iron and silver mines.

When wanted for use, the side initially brushed with silver nitrate was now brushed with a " gallo-nitrate of silver " solution consisting of silver nitrate, acetic acid and gallic acid, then lightly blotted and exposed in the camera.