When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to the central nervous system.

When Haydn and Mozart began composing, symphonies were played as single movements — before, between, or as interludes within other works — and many of them lasted only ten or twelve minutes ; instrumental groups had varying standards of playing, and the continuo was a central part of music-making.

When a central bank wishes to purchase more bonds than their respective national governments make available, they may purchase private bonds or assets denominated in foreign currencies.

When the character was spun off into Frasier, his father became a central character with, in a case of retroactive continuity, the explanation that Frasier was embarrassed about his father's lowbrow attitudes and thus claimed his death.

When the Communists captured the Nationalist capital of Nanjing in April 1949, Li refused to accompany the central government as it fled to Guangdong, instead expressing his dissatisfaction with Chiang by retiring to Guangxi.

When populations were quickly decreased by causes such as the Black Death or devastating warfare ( for example, Genghis Khan's Mongol hordes in eastern and central Europe, Thirty Years ' War in Germany ), this could lead to settlements being abandoned.

When the First Transcontinental Railroad was proposed in the 1850s, Atchison called for it to be built along the central route ( from St. Louis through Missouri, Kansas, and Utah ), rather the southern route ( from New Orleans through Texas and New Mexico ).

When feeding, it has a multinucleate base and a contractile stalk up to 150 μm in length, supporting a relatively small uninucleate head, where the central granule and axopods are located.

When the above partial order is restricted to the central idempotents of R, a lattice structure can be given.

When either writing through or directly to physical device registers, this may, but not necessarily, cause a real interrupt to occur at the device's central processor unit ( CPU ), if it has one.

When various Bolshevik and Menshevik factions tried to re-unite at the January 1910 RSDLP Central Committee meeting in Paris over Lenin's objections, Trotsky's Pravda was made a party-financed ' central organ '.

When it was pointed out to Niven that the Ringworld was dynamically unstable, in that once the center of rotation drifted away from the central sun, gravity would pull the ring into contact with the star, he used this as a plot element in the sequel novel, The Ringworld Engineers.

When Egyptian rule collapsed after the invasion of the Sea Peoples, the central hill country could no longer sustain a large nomadic population, so they went from nomadism to sedentism.

When compared with the concept map ( which was developed by learning experts in the 1970s ) the structure of a mind map is a similar radial, but is simplified by having one central key word.

When this happens the body will rapidly spiral down and intersect the central body.

When he rewrote Radio Free Albemuth as VALIS beforehand, Dick incorporated the plotline of Radio Free Albemuth as a backdrop film ( also titled VALIS ) that recapitulated the central theological and existential concerns of his novel as a mise en abyme-that is, a miniature copy of his central preoccupations at this stage of his literary career, common to both works.

When Egyptian influence declined or succumbed to foreign domination, the Kushite elite regarded themselves as central powers and believed themselves as idols of Egyptian culture and religion.

When applied to a bus-based network, this central hub rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node.

When posed the film's central question, can men and women just be friends, Ryan replied, " Yes, men and women can just be friends.

When student and worker unrest rocked France in May 1968, Chirac played a central role in negotiating a truce.

When the physical star topology is applied to a logical bus network such as Ethernet, this central node ( traditionally a hub ) rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node.

When the central tendon is stabilized and the lower ribs are mobile, a contraction of the diaphragm elevates the ribs, which works in conjunction with other muscles to expand the thoracic indent upward.

When the invaders seize one of these " blocks ", they effectively control all communications within it and can isolate its inhabitants from the outside world, deny the central government any access to them and consolidate control at their leisure.

When Andronikos arrived he found that his authority was overthrown: Isaac had been proclaimed Emperor.

When conspiracy theories are offered as official claims ( for example, originating from a governmental authority, such as an intelligence agency ) they are not usually considered as conspiracy theories.

When the radicals mustered enough support to defeat a bill which would have preserved the status quo in religion, the conservatives, together with many moderates, surrendered their authority back to Cromwell who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly.

" He said, " When authority is given to those who do not deserve it, then wait for the Day of Judgment.

When Portuguese explorers first came into contact with the Japanese ( see Nanban period ), they described Japanese conditions in analogy, likening the Emperor, with great symbolic authority but little political power, to the Pope, and the Shogun to secular European rulers, e. g. the Holy Roman Emperor.

When a group or organization was thus declared criminal, the competent national authority of any signatory had the right to bring persons to trial for membership in that organisation, with the criminal nature of the group or organisation assumed proved.

When Scotland finally paid the ransom in 1424, James, aged 32, returned with his English bride determined to assert this authority.

When Louis VI died in 1137, much progress had been made towards strengthening Capetian authority.

When the federal government tried to assert authority on behalf of the Cherokees, the governor of Georgia took up arms.

When Cardinal Jacopo Sadoleto wrote a letter to the city council inviting Geneva to return to the Catholic faith, the council searched for an ecclesiastical authority to respond to him.

When Perrin was elected first syndic in February 1552, Calvin's authority appeared to be at its lowest point.

When Servetus mentioned that he would come to Geneva if Calvin agreed, Calvin wrote a letter to Farel on 13 February 1546 noting that if Servetus were to come, he would not assure him safe conduct: " for if he came, as far as my authority goes, I would not let him leave alive.

When comparing authority, the name James Tiptree Jr. has more authority than Alice B. Sheldon due to the fact that male authors were more respected during Sheldon ’ s era.

When the draft board referred him to a psychiatrist, Brando explained how he had been expelled from military school and that he had severe problems with authority.

When Shoghi Effendi died in 1957, he died without explicitly appointing a successor Guardian, and Remey was among the nine Hands of the Cause elected as an interim authority until the election of the first Universal House of Justice in 1963.

When the Union Internationale Motonautique, the world governing authority for powerboat racing, introduced the World Offshore Championship in 1967 as a memorial to Sam Griffith, the American founder of modern offshore racing, the course was found to be too short at to qualify as a championship heat.

When Göring transferred full authority over the Gestapo to Himmler in April 1934, it immediately became an instrument of terror under the SS's purview.

When Alfonso VI brought Toledo under his authority in 1085.

When Portuguese explorers first came into contact with the Japanese ( see Nanban period ), they described Japanese conditions in analogy, likening the emperor, with great symbolic authority but little political power, to the Pope, and the shogun to secular European rulers, e. g. the King of Spain.

When real estate is held by a higher government unit or some other entity not subject to taxation by the local government, the taxing authority may receive a payment in lieu of taxes to compensate it for some or all of the foregone tax revenue.

When granted it is the determination of the ultimate authority that the public welfare will be better served by inflicting less than what the judgment fixed.

When considering private authority figures ( such as parents or an employer ), the First Amendment provides no protection.

When William V arrived in Schoonhoven in 1787, after the authority of the stadholders had been restored, the church bells are said to have played the Wilhelmus continuously.

When the General Assembly convened in June 1564, an argument broke out between Knox and Maitland over the authority of the civil government.