When estimating project times, it should be remembered that programming products ( which can be sold to paying customers ) and programming systems are both three times as hard to write as in-house programs.

When estimating parameters from data, it is often necessary to compute the partial derivatives of the parameters at a given data point t ( see ):

When the production crew were estimating the cost of dismantling all the buildings, Michael Landon thought for awhile and said, " What if we blow up the town?

When calculating or estimating data throughputs, the details of the frame / cell / packet format and the technology's detailed implementation need to be understood.

When it comes to estimating the greater ocean picture, new modern tide gauges can often be improved upon by using satellite data.

When estimating the population mean using an independent and identically distributed ( iid ) sample of size n, where each data value has variance σ < sup > 2 </ sup >, the standard error of the sample mean is:

When a company does not disclose organic growth numbers, it is usually possible to estimate them by estimating the numbers for acquisitions made in the period being looked at and in the previous year.

When estimating other structural parameters ( e. g., parameters of a utility function, instead of parameters of a known probability distribution ), appropriate probability distributions may not be known, and moment-based estimates may be preferred to Maximum Likelihood Estimation.

When estimating quality of a video codec, all the mentioned objective methods may require repeating post-encoding tests in order to determine the encoding parameters that satisfy a required level of visual quality, making them time consuming, complex and impractical for implementation in real commercial applications.

When estimating the parameters for Poisson regression, one typically tries to find values for θ that maximize the likelihood of an expression of the form

When used to test impaired driving, the test is performed with the subject estimating 30 seconds in his head.

When the net electric charge of an object is non-zero and motionless, the phenomenon is known as static electricity.

When Guericke held his hand against the ball and turned the shaft quickly, a static electric charge built up.

When in static equilibrium, the system is either at rest, or its center of mass moves at constant velocity.

When larger amounts of static data are to be stored ( such as in USB flash drives ) a specific type of EEPROM such as flash memory is more economical than traditional EEPROM devices.

When used in extended range electric vehicles the static efficiency drawback is irrelevant, since the gas turbine can be run at or near maximum power, driving an alternator to produce electricity either for the wheel motors, or for the batteries, as appropriate to speed and battery state.

When linking is performed during the creation of an executable or another object file, it is known as static linking or early binding.

When Operation Compass came to an end with the surrender of the Italian Tenth Army the corps HQ was deactivared in February and its responsibilities taken over by HQ Cyrenaica, a static command, reflecting the Allied defensive posture in the Western Desert as Middle East Command became obliged to focus on the campaign in Greece.

When his father showed him how to generate static electricity on the family's carpet, the five-year-old's imagination was fired.

When the bias on the grid was dropped, the electrons were trapped on the dielectric as a spot of static electricity.

When working in direct contact with integrated circuit electronics ( especially delicate MOSFETs ), or in the presence of flammable gas, care must be taken to avoid accumulating and suddenly discharging a static charge ( see electrostatic discharge ).

When a string is plucked, it has intermittent periodical contact with the bridge ; this intermittent grazing of the string and bridge is not a static process, as the points of contact will gradually shift, being a compound function of amplitude, the curvature of the bridge, and string tension.

When combined with built-in self-test ( BIST ), the JTAG scan chain enables a low overhead, embedded solution to testing an IC for certain static faults ( shorts, opens, and logic errors ).

When multiple static antennae are used, the total number of unique echo waveforms that can be captured is

When selecting a rope for heavy top roping use, a large diameter (>= 10mm ) static rope ( or low-stretch rope ) is recommended for the anchors to prevent rope wear and reduce rock erosion and to ensure maximum safety in the event of a fall.

When there is a need to display a dark image, a display that supports dynamic contrast underpowers the backlight lamp ( or decreases the aperture of the projector's lens using an iris ), but proportionately amplifies the transmission through the LCD panel ; this gives the benefit of realizing the potential static contrast ratio of the LCD panel in dark scenes when the image is watched in a dark room.

When they are weakened in such a fashion, their images flicker with static.

* When Mr. Norman lifts up his shirt to reveal his sub-dermal android parts, the old static circuit board was replaced with a CGI rendered mechanical interior, with a similar appearance to the anatomy of Lt. Cdr.

When deciding on a position for a static port aircraft designers attempt to find a position where the error between static pressure and free-stream pressure is a minimum across the operating range of angle of attack of the aircraft.

When performing live, the band often played in old churches, fortresses, medieval prisons and theatres that provided an appropriate atmosphere for their static, militaristic performances.

When I applied it, I opted for the fluidity rather than the static portion of the rhythms .” Steve Coleman ’ s overlapping cycles of various, often “ odd ” lengths provide a very fluid ( multilayered ) basis for improvisation.

When it became apparent that the universe is not static, but expanding, Einstein was quick to discard this additional term ; prematurely, as we know today: From about 1998 on, a steadily accumulating body of astronomical evidence has shown that the expansion of the universe is accelerating in a way that suggests the presence of a cosmological constant or, equivalently, of a dark energy with specific properties that pervades all of space.

When a centrifugal fan is specified for a given CFM and static pressure at conditions other than standard, an air density correction factor must be applied to select the proper size fan to meet the new condition.

When gas velocity goes down the dynamic pressure is reduced while the static pressure is increased.

When the ventilation does not match the perfusion through the paranchyema of the lung.

When the oxygen level is low ( as often happens in still waters ), bowfins can rise to the surface and gulp air into its swim bladder, which is lined with blood vessels and can serve as a primitive lung.

When the diaphragm relaxes, air is exhaled by elastic recoil of the lung and the tissues lining the thoracic cavity.

When they are active, the organs such as the lung, heart, kidney and intestines remain inside the shell ; only the head and foot emerge.

When the valve opens, the air can either leave or come into the lung.

When associated with the lung, it is typically a centrally located large cell cancer ( non-small cell lung cancer or NSCLC ) that often has a paraneoplastic syndrome causing ectopic production of parathyroid hormone-related protein ( PTHrP ), resulting in hypercalcemia.

When such fibers reach the alveoli ( air sacs ) in the lung, where oxygen is transferred into the blood, the foreign bodies ( asbestos fibers ) cause the activation of the lung's local immune system and provoke an inflammatory reaction.

When seen in individuals older than age 40, this disorder is commonly associated with an internal malignancy, usually adenocarcinoma, and most commonly of the GI tract or uterus ; less commonly of the lung, prostate, breast, or ovary.

When President Andrew Jackson consulted with Dr. Physick about his lung hemorrhages, he was told to stop smoking.

When associated with the lung, it is sometimes called " oat cell carcinoma " due to the flat cell shape and scanty cytoplasm.

When it is found with one or more differentiated forms of lung cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, the malignant tumor is then diagnosed and classified as a combined small cell lung carcinoma ( c-SCLC ).

When doing so, they found a significant increase in lung cancer amongst smokers exposed to radon at doses as low as 100 to 199 Bq m < sup >− 3 </ sup > and warned that smoking greatly increases the risk posed by radon exposure i. e. reducing the prevalence of smoking would decrease deaths caused by radon .< ref name = Mendez >

When the lung ’ s function of dominating qi is normal, the passage of qi will be unobstructed and respiration will be normal and smooth.

When Archduchess Hildegard went to Munich in March 1864 for the funeral of her brother, King Maximilian II, she became ill with a lung inflammation and pleurisy.

When a home is sold, inspections are performed that may reveal environmental hazards such as radon gas in the basement or water supply or friable asbestos materials ( both of which can cause lung cancer ), peeling or disturbed lead paint ( a risk to children and pregnant women ), inground heating oil tanks that may contaminate ground water, or mold that can cause problems for those with asthma or allergies.

When percussing boney areas such as the clavicle the spleximeter can be omitted and the bone is tapped directly such as when percussing an apical cavitary lung lesion typical of TB.

When the patient ’ s functional status declines, bilateral lung transplantation is the best therapeutic option.

When the patient ’ s functional status declines, bilateral lung transplantation is the best therapeutic option.

When pulmonary function deteriorates to the point where oxygenation is inadequate, lung transplantation may be considered.

When the British Medical Journal published a meta-analysis confirming a link in 1997, Milloy wrote, " Of the 37 studies, only 7 — less than 19 percent — reported statistically significant increases in lung cancer incidence ... Meta-analysis of the secondhand smoke studies was a joke when EPA did it in 1993.

When the gun malfunctioned, the bullet that had been loaded into the main barrel was accidentally fired into Soo's lung.

When silica is present, workers may also face an increased risk of silicosis and lung cancer.