When Romanos IV was defeated and captured by Alp Arslan of the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert in August 1071, Michael VII remained in the background, while the initiative was taken by his uncle John Doukas and his tutor Michael Psellos.

When the former Seljuk Sultan Kaykaus II was arrested in the Byzantine Empire, his younger brother Kayqubad II appealed to Berke.

When Kilij Arslan I, the Seljuk overlord of the Emir, heard of the proposed payment, he demanded half, or threatened to attack.

When a Seljuk prince died, leaving minor heirs, a guardian would be appointed to protect and guide the young princes.

When describing the Atabegs of Azerbaijan, the Ildeniz ( Ildegoz ) dynasty, the title Atabeg-e-Azam ( Great Atabeg ) was used, to denote their superior standing, power and influence on the Seljuk Sultans.

When he was taken prisoner by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert ( 1071 ), Eudokia and Michael again assumed the government, until it was discovered that Romanos had survived and was returning to Constantinople.

When the Seljuk Empire invaded Persia and became the first Turkic Muslim political power in Western Asia, kilij became the dominant sword form.

When the Mongols defeated the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, Turcoman principalities ( beyliks ) emerged as autonomous fiefdoms.

When he arrived, he was accused of acts of retribution against the Seljuk troops, and was arrested over the caliph's protests.

When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror.

When the Byzantine forces saw the entire Ottoman army get on their knees to pray, the Byzantine army was witnessing how united the Ottoman Turks were and this worried them.

When in 1783 the landlord of the Turks Head died and the property was sold, “ The Club ” moved to Sackville Street.

When gunpowder was introduced, the Ottoman Turks of the Ottoman Empire hired the mercenaries that used the gunpowder weapons and obtained their instruction for the Janissaries.

When the Venetians called for help in Crete against the Ottoman Turks, the Pope extracted in return a promise that the Jesuits should be permitted back in Venetian territory, from which they had been expelled in 1606.

Indeed, such was the perceived threat of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleiman that ambassador Busbecq warned of Europe's imminent conquest: " On Turks ' side are the resources of a mighty empire, strength unimpaired, habituation to victory, endurance of toil, unity, discipline, frugality and watchfulness ... Can we doubt what the result will be ?... When the Turks have settled with Persia, they will fly at our throats supported by the might of the whole East ; how unprepared we are I dare not say.

When Jamaica was granted independence from Britain in August 1962, the Turks & Caicos Islands became a Crown colony.

When the Bahamas gained independence in 1973, the Turks and Caicos received their own governor ( the last administrator was restyled ).

" When Lawrence hesitates, the man charges the Turks alone and is killed.

When the Khitans began raiding northeast China in 605, a Chinese general led 20, 000 Turks against them, distributing Khitan livestock and women to the Turks as a reward.

When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, the Patriarchate ceased to function.

When the Greek War of Independence broke out, Hydra's contribution of some 150 ships, plus supplies, to fight against the Turks played a critical role.

When she was 11, her cousin Stephen became prince of Transylvania, and he planned to unite Europe against the Turks.

When the battle started, the Turks mistook the galleasses to be merchant supply vessels and set out to attack them.

When she enquired after the latest news, Palmerston is said to have replied: " There is no definite news, Madam, but it seems certain that the Turks have crossed the Danube ".

When the Turks defeated Greece at the Battle of Dumlupınar, the military forced the abdication of Constantine, and George succeeded to the Greek throne on 27 September 1922.

When the wind rose, the Christian fleet finally approached the action, although Doria first executed a number of maneuvres designed to draw the Turks out to sea.

When level with the empty No. 4 redoubt, Ryzhov wheeled to the left, crested the Causeway Heights, and came to a halt ; before him, he could see the Heavy Brigade moving east across his front, whilst away to the south he could discern the Highlanders and Turks immediately to the north of Kadikoi.

When the Turks besieged Vienna in the spring of 1683 Louis XIV did nothing to help the defenders.

When Admiral Lord Keith refused to ratify the terms, Kléber attacked the Turks at the Battle of Heliopolis.

When Ferdinand I of Naples died in 1494, Charles invaded the peninsula with twenty-five thousand men ( including 8, 000 Swiss mercenaries ), possibly hoping to use Naples as a base for a crusade against the Ottoman Turks.

When in 1510 the Grand Master of the Order in Rhodes requested that he come and help defend the order against the Turks, the King refused to allow him leave to go.

When the Heruli overran Greece and captured Athens ( 269 ), Dexippus showed great personal courage and revived the spirit of patriotism among his fellow-countrymen.

When the North Vietnamese Army overran South Vietnam in 1975, Air America helicopters participated in Operation Frequent Wind evacuating both US civilians and South Vietnamese people associated with the regime from Saigon.

When Morgoth's armies attacked and overran the city, Maeglin fought with Tuor on the walls, and Tuor threw him to his death.

When civil war broke out in Central America, he fought in various battles, but was killed when a Nicaraguan army overran the city of Tegucigalpa.

When Union troops under Sherman overran much of Georgia in 1864, Brown called for an end to the war.

When the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 overran all of China's maritime access, its Chinese Air Company was merged with China Airways into the China National Aviation Company ( CNAC ), with Pan Am owning 45 % of the operation and the government the remaining 55 %.

:" When the German and Scythian nations overran the western provinces of the Roman empire, the confusions which followed so great a revolution lasted for several centuries.

When in 1798 the French overran Switzerland and instituted the Helvetic Republic, both municipalities came to the short-lived canton of Baden.

When the Romans overran the country, they sought to breed with them, believing they would achieve military might if they could father powerful sons who would grow to manhood within hours.

When Pichegru in 1795 overran Holland, De Winter returned with the French army to his native country.

When the Khmer Rouge overran Cambodia, he was forced to return to Switzerland where he continued his work at the Zurich Children's Hospital.

According to Josephus: " When he had seized upon two villages, which were in the very midst of Idumea, Betaris, and Caphartobas, he slew above ten thousand of the people, and carried into captivity above a thousand, and drove away the rest of the multitude, and placed no small part of his own forces in them, who overran and laid waste the whole mountainous country.

When forces of the Golden Horde overran the Chobanid realm and captured Tabriz in 1357, few lamented the loss of power by the Chupanids.

When the invaders overran Beijing in 1937, the Japanese ordered Stuart to fly the puppet regime flag at the Yenching University campus and offer his personal " thanks " to the Japanese militia for the institution's " liberation.

When Arabs and Turks overran the eastern Roman Empire, they adopted and developed this feature in their baths or hammams.

When the Byzantines under John I Tzimisces overran much of northern Mesopotamia in 971, he did not even return to Baghdad.