Whereas efficient exact algorithms have been found for the signed sorting by reversals see Shamir, Robert Tarjan | Tarjan, 1997, the problem of sorting by reversals has been proven to be hard even to approximate to within certain constant factor Marek Karpinski | Karpinski, 1999, and also proven to be approximable in polynomial time to within the approximation factor 1. 375 Marek Karpinski | Karpinski, Hannenhalli, 2002.

Whereas speed is a major factor among road ponies, harness ponies should be more collected, exhibiting a very animated and airy trot.

Whereas the corresponding inverse transform can mathematically be performed by replacing ω with ω < sup >− 1 </ sup > ( and possibly multiplying by an overall scale factor, depending on the normalization convention ), one may also directly invert the butterflies:

Whereas the first paradigm focused on ostensibly distinct " languages " ( scare quotes indicate that contemporary linguistic anthropologists treat the concept of " a language " as an ideal construction covering up complexities within and " across " so-called linguistic boundaries ), the unit of analysis in the second paradigm was new — the " speech event.

Whereas the utility of prospective power analysis in experimental design is universally accepted, the usefulness of retrospective techniques is controversial.

Whereas both the execution of powder X-ray ( and neutron ) diffraction experiments and the data analysis are highly automated and routinely performed, electron diffraction requires a much higher level of user input.

Whereas he accepted the classical Marxist analysis of society showing how one class exercises domination over another, he deviated from Marx in his failure to use dialectic as a method to propose ways to change.

Whereas rods and cones are responsible for the analysis of images, patterns, motion and color, a number of studies have shown that melanopsin-containing ganglion cells contribute to various reflexive responses of the brain and body to the presence of ( day ) light.

Whereas in the CN-case, the resulting maximal subgroups M are still Frobenius groups, the maximal subgroups that occur in the proof of the odd-order theorem need no longer have this structure, and the analysis of their structure and interplay produces 5 possible types of maximal subgroups, called types I, II, III, IV, V. Type I subgroups are of " Frobenius type ", a slight generalization of Frobenius group, and in fact later on in the proof are shown to be Frobenius groups.

Whereas non-bound complexes are washed away, mRNA of the complexes displaying a binding polypeptide can be recovered, and thus, the genetic information of the binding polypeptides is available for analysis.

Whereas mutation analysis only expects to detect a difference in the output produced, Certess extends this by verifying that a checker in the testbench will actually detect the difference.

Whereas data compaction reduces the amount of data used to represent a given amount of information, data compression does not.

Whereas insulation primarily reduces conductive heat flow, weatherization primarily reduces convective heat flow.

Whereas " good " reductionism means explaining a thing in terms of what it reduces to ( for example, its parts and their interactions ), greedy reductionism is when " in their eagerness for a bargain, in their zeal to explain too much too fast, scientists and philosophers [...] underestimate the complexities, trying to skip whole layers or levels of theory in their rush to fasten everything securely and neatly to the foundation.

Whereas the mass number simply counts the total number of neutrons and protons and is thus a natural ( or whole ) number, the atomic mass of a single isotope is a real number.

Whereas his father and brother had concentrated consular power largely in the hands of the Flavian family, Domitian admitted a surprisingly large number of provincials and potential opponents to the consulship, allowing them to head the official calendar by opening the year as an ordinary consul.

Whereas the previous five Rush albums sold platinum or better, Hold Your Fire only went gold in November 1987, although it managed to peak at number 13 on the Billboard 200.

Whereas the k-opt methods remove a fixed number ( k ) of edges from the original tour, the variable-opt methods do not fix the size of the edge set to remove.

Whereas complex numbers have one number whose square is negative one, quaternions have three independent such numbers.

Whereas early monasteries are considered to have been held in common by the entire sangha, in later years this tradition diverged in a number of countries.

Whereas the Engineer EOD training period although shorter in total is spread over a number of years and interspersed with operational experience, RE personnel may be posted to core trades such as carpentry or bridge building within their time as engineers.

Whereas the original Amiga trackers only provided four tracks, the hardware limit, modern trackers can mix a virtually unlimited number of channels into one sound stream through software mixing.

Whereas Alarabiya has put the number of Iranian Mandaeans as high as 60, 000 in 2011.

Whereas benzene is aromatic ( 6 electrons, from 3 double bonds ), cyclobutadiene is not, since the number of π delocalized electrons is 4, which of course is a multiple of 4.

Whereas Britain and France still faced a Germany which had kept about 80 percent of its industrial and economic potential and thus could attempt a revanche in a matter of years, Italy had definitively rid itself of its century-old enemy: instead of the Austro-Hungarian Empire there were now a number of smaller states, none of which could pose a credible threat, and some of them could even fall within the Italian sphere of influence.

Whereas it was once port lands and industrial buildings, the area changed with the coming of Harbourfront Centre, which sparked condominium tower development along the waterfront near the airport and increasing the number of residents in the area.

Whereas the Northern lake had a religious focus, the shores of Central and Southern lakes were dotted with a number of palaces.

Whereas previous computer generations had focused on increasing the number of logic elements in a single CPU, the fifth generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for added performance.

Whereas NR2B is predominant in the early postnatal brain, the number of NR2A subunits grows, and eventually NR2A subunits outnumber NR2B.

Whereas once the Protestant community counted among its number one bishop, two churches, all the landed gentry, many of their staff and a local rector, as well as a local Protestant primary school, all have gone, with the ancient St. Ultan's Church of Ireland in Ardbraccan ceasing to be used for Divine Service in 1981.

Whereas a First Edition player was constrained to using the same dilemmas in each game of a tournament, the Second Edition player has a side deck, or ' dilemma pile ' from which to draw a random selection of dilemmas based on the number of personnel the opponent uses in a given mission attempt.

Whereas most console RPGs give the player access to a limited number of precreated spells, Rudra no Hihō allows the player nearly total creative freedom.

Whereas the regular September freshman influx would quickly settle down, the sheer number of new users now threatened to overwhelm the existing Usenet culture's capacity to inculcate its social norms.

" Whereas Mr Edmund Scarburgh, Mr Thomas Johnson, Mr Richard Vaughan, Captain John Dollinge, John Robinson, Toby Norton, Richard Baily, Ambrose Dixon, Richard Hill, Jenkin Price And divers others Inhabitants and free men in the Upper parte of the parish in the Countie of Northampton Did in a Hostile manner ( contrary to the knowne Lawes of Virginia And the League made with the Indians ) upon the 28th day of Aprill last past Rayse a partie of men to the number of fiftie persons with Armes and ammunicon And upon the aforesaid daie marched amonge the Indians with a Resolucon to take or kill the Queene of Pocamoke, shott att Indians, slashed and cut read, Took Indyans prisoner, And bound one of them with a Chayne, which said Accons caused the Indyans To Invade the Countie, to the great danger of our Lives and Estate, It is therefore ordered That the Sherriff shall forthwith Arrest the Bodies of all the abovesaid parties And such other ( upon inquiry ) as hee shall have notice of ( which went out against the indyans upon their Designe ) To the Number of 50 persons and that hee keepe them in his custodie until they enter into bonds to make their personal appearance at James Citty to answer the premisses before the Governor and Council upon th XXIth day of this Instant Moneth ( att the suite of our Sovereign King ).

Whereas arithmetic deals with specific numbers and operators ( e. g. 3 + 2 = 5 ), algebra introduces variables, which are letters that represent non-specified numbers ( e. g. 3a + 2a = 5a ).

Whereas the groupware or collaborative software pertains to the technological elements of computer supported cooperative work, collaborative work systems become a useful analytical tool to understand the behavioral and organizational variables that are associated to the broader concept of CSCW.

Whereas emerge used to operate in a similar way to other ports collections, by entering a directory in the tree and using emerge ( instead of make ) to perform package management operations, it now reads variables from the file / etc / make. conf ( again similar to ports ) to determine where the Portage tree is kept.

Whereas RPMs are precompiled binaries, ebuilds are shell scripts with variables and functions which contain a description of the software, and instructions on how to obtain, configure, compile, and install it, more closely akin to ( but more powerful than ) the. spec files distributed in SRPMs.

Whereas simply typed lambda calculus has variables ranging over functions, and binders for them, System F additionally has variables ranging over types, and binders for them.

Whereas a program may implement classes, which typically end in objects managing or executing behaviors, a business object usually does nothing itself but holds a set of instance variables or properties, also known as attributes, and associations with other business objects, weaving a map of objects representing the business relationships.

Whereas ( 6 ) is a relation between specific slopes and variable values, ( 7 ) is a relation between slope functions and function variables.